Development of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)

In light of the potential threats posed by quantum computing, researchers and cryptographers are taking action now to create a new set of cryptographic algorithms that are secure from quantum attacks. Researchers refer to this area as Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), while it is also referred to as quantum-resistant or quantum-safe cryptography. PQC is based on classical problems that are believed to be hard for both classical and quantum computers, and works on classical systems.

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NIST announced its first batch of standardized PQC algorithms in 2022, marking a huge milestone. The following are key types of PQC algorithms:

• Lattice-Based Cryptography (e.g., CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium)
• Code-Based Cryptography (e.g., Classic McEliece)
• Hash-Based Cryptography (e.g., SPHINCS+)
• Multivariate Polynomial Cryptography (e.g., Rainbow)
• Isogeny-Based Cryptography (e.g., SIKE)