Bibliography
Benedict, T. J. (2022). The computer got it wrong: Facial recognition technology and establishing probable cause to arrest. Washington and Lee Law Review, 79(2), 849-898. Accessed 10 Sep. 2024. Retrieved from http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/computer-got-wrong-facial-recognition-technology/docview/2681520570/se-2
In this scholarly journal, it mentions ways in which facial recognition technology (FRT) is widely use in the law enforcement field. Additionally, it highlights the social issues of FRT, and how it could be bias or discriminatory against certain demographic groups. One comparison it makes was between FRT and a drug dog, where one already has a building bias against certain demographic groups while the other treats everyone fairly. Throughout the journal, it provides various cases in which FRT misidentified people of color. The article suggests that having the AI trains using a more diverse database could potentially minimize or reduce the chance of bias occurring in FRT. Lastly, this source is reliable because it is a scholarly journal, meaning that it went through peer-review process by experts to verify all the information written in it.
Lai, X., & Rau, P. P. (2021). Has facial recognition technology been misused? A public perception model of facial recognition scenarios.Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 1. Accessed 13 Sep. 2024. Retrieved from doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106894
In this scholarly journal, it talks about ways in which facial recognition technology (FRT) has been misuse. One of the cases it mentioned was regarding how FRT was being used to track an individual location, and then they were being cyberbully after their location been found. In addition, the article also mentions the security risk that FRT faced, especially regarding deepfake technology. It talks about the dangers of deepfake technology being used to deceive or manipulate FRT system into giving sensitive information to hackers. Furthermore, the article also talks about the public perception of FRT based on various scenarios. Overall, this article's sources can be trusted and are reliable because it is a scholarly journal, which mean it went though a tough peer-review process by experts.
Pasquarelli, A. (2019). FACE VALUE: MARKETERS ARE USING FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY TO TRACK YOUR BEHAVIOR—AND PERSONALIZE YOUR SHOPPING—BUT PRIVACY ADVOCATES ARE WORRIED. Advertising Age, 90(22), 23. Accessed 13 Sep. 2024. Retrieved from http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/face-value/docview/2316548187/se-2
In this trade journal, it talks about the various ways facial recognition technology (FRT) is being used in the retail industry. It mentioned how most stores would often use FRT to gather customer information as they stepped into the store. This allows the sale representative to know about the customer purchase history at their store and enables them to assist the customer in a more efficient way. Another way is to act as a deterrent for criminal activity such as stealing or vandalizing. Additionally, the article also mentioned how most store just assume customers consent to have their data collected without asking, just because they decided to step into the store. Although the articles were not peer reviewed, Advertising Age is a well-established media brand that is known for covering news regarding marketing and advertising trends. Thus, this source can be trusted since it provides insight into how the market use FRT, and provide information about potential benefit, legal and ethical issues of FRT in retail.
Raviv, S. (2020, 02). The secret history of facial recognition. Wired, 28. Accessed 13 Sep. 2024. Retrieved from http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/magazines/secret-history-facial-recognition/docview/2344224584/se-2
This magazine provides detailed background information about facial recognition technology (FRT). It provides the audience with insight into the life of one of the creator of FRT. Additionally, it also mentioned how the first concept fails due to the limitation of the machine in recognizing human emotions. The magazine also detailed the changes made to FRT throughout the years leading up to 2020. Lastly, the magazine mentions issues FRT is currently facing such as the issues with FRT misidentifying minority groups. Despite the article not being peer-reviewed, Wired is a reputable publication known for its coverage of technology trends and its impact on society. Thus, it makes this source valuable for gaining understanding of how FRT became what it is today, and the changes that were made throughout different periods.
Ryan, C. (2023). Facial recognition technology and a proposed expansion of human rights. Federal Communications Law Journal, 76(1), 87-114. Accessed 13 Sep. 2024. Retrieved from http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/facial-recognition-technology-proposed-expansion/docview/2898770310/se-2
This scholarly article depicts the dangers of facial recognition technology, and its threat against an individual right to privacy. It mentioned how FRT is slowly eroding an individual right to privacy in public places. Furthermore, it mentions that FRT might have been collecting individual biometric data without their knowledge or consent. Additionally, the article mentions that the data collected might not have been used for the purposes that it was originally consent for. Furthermore, the articles also talk about how there is not much law or regulation for restricting the data that is being collected by FRT and that there needs to be changes to ensure a person's right to privacy. Since this is a scholarly article, it has been peer reviewed by experts to make sure that all the information provided in the articles is verify. Thus, it makes this article reliable for gaining understanding into the legal and ethical issues of FRT, and way to protect privacy moving forward.
Weiss, J., & Davis, M. (2005). FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY in law enforcement. Law & Order, 53(10), 100-106. Accessed 13 Sep. 2024. Retrieved from http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/facial-recognition-technology-law-enforcement/docview/197230868/se-2
This trade journal depicts the benefits of having facial recognition technology in society, especially in the field of law enforcement. Since FRT can identify an individual based on their unique facial feature, it has been used by law enforcement to solve old crimes. Furthermore, FRT has been super helpful to law enforcement on cases where individuals refuse to cooperate or give false information about their identity. Additionally, the article also mentions how FRT is adapted for large, populated areas, such as malls or airports to prevent crimes before it happens. However, the articles do mention that the police office should only use FRT to aid in their investigation, however the final decision on whether to arrest or detain a person still rests with the police office, and they shouldn't be overly dependent on FRT. Despite the article being a trade journal, Law & Order is a reputable source that focused on issues regarding law enforcement. As a result, this source can be trusted to provide information regarding the benefit of FRT in law enforcement.
Website Media Reference
Fox, Alexander. (2021, August 11). Surveillance camera. pixabay.com. Retrieved November 1, 2024 from https://pixabay.com/photos/video-surveillance-6532808/. Link to permission page: https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/
I chose this picture because surveillance cameras are one of the primary tools used by facial recognition technology (FRT) to capture data in public space. The images emphasize the potential for constant monitoring and erosion of privacy, which is a central concern regarding the use of FRT. Surveillance camera equipped with FRT can store data indefinitely, leading to questions about who has access to this information and how the data is being used. Additionally, it highlights public fear of FRT misused, since the technology can be used to track an individual without their consent. As a result, this image serves as reminder of the need for stricter regulation in order to protect individuals' right to privacy in an era of automated surveillance.
Linforth, Pete. (2017, September 15). Anonymous Hacktivist. pixabay.com. Retrieved October 22, 2024 from https://pixabay.com/photos/anonymous-hacktivist-hacker-2755365/ . Link to permission page: https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/
The reason I chose this picture is because it shows a hacker performing cybercrime. Hackers are a major problem for Facial Recognition Technology. These hacker can break into FRT security systems and access sensitive biometric information, which they can then use for identity theft and other malicious activity. Furthermore, hacker can use deepfake technology to commit frauds by using someone else facial image. This could potentially lead to innocent individuals being arrest for crimes they never commit.
MacKenzie, Mike.(2018, October 5). Facial Recognition. Flickr.com. Retrieved October 22, 2024 from https://www.flickr.com/photos/mikemacmarketing/ . Link to permission page: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
The reason I chose this picture is because it illustrates the core functionality of facial recognition technology (FRT). As shown in the image, a person's facial features are scanned using a small handheld device, such as smartphone. This represents the primary concept of FRT: by analyzing an individual's unique facial characteristics, the technology can recognize and match them with the records stored in its database. Additionally, the use of FRT on mobile devices has enhanced everyday life by enhancing security and personalized experiences. As result, this image highlights how adaptive and accessible facial recognition technology has become with the use of modern smartphone.
Nguyen, Nam.(2024, November 9). Overview of Facial Recognition Technology. Posted November 13, 2024 on https://mason.gmu.edu/~nnguye40/introduction.html. The video is original and created by me.
The video is created by me to provide a quick overview of the project regarding Facial Recognition Technology. On the video, the audience will learn about Facial Recognition Technology and how it work. Additionally, the video also cover the benefit and challenges that FRT currently facing in modern society. Furthermore, it will also contain suggestions on how to improve FRT in future research. As result, this video will help cover all the main points of FRT, and allow the audience to gain quick knowledge about the subject.
Osborne, James. (2015, December 3). Coding screen. pixabay.com. Retrieved November 1, 2024 from https://pixabay.com/photos/code-html-digital-coding-web-1076536/ . Link to permission page: https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/
I chose this picture because it represents the need for further research into Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) to address it limitations and explore ways to improve it. The coding screen in the picture represents the technical foundation of FRT and highlights the necessity of ongoing development and programming. Further research into FRT algorithms could help reduce biases and ensure all the demographic groups are treated fairly. Additionally, future studies are needed to find ways to secure FRT data and address public privacy concerns. As result, this picture illustrates the complexity of FRT and emphasizes the importance of being transparency in building a system that the public can trust.
[Picture of iphone homescreen]. (2017, April 6). pxhere.com. Retrieved October 22, 2024 from https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1370785 . Link to permission page: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
The reason I chose this picture is because smartphones such as iPhone have been using Facial Recognition Technology as part of their security feature. The image depicts an iPhone home screen, which is typically accessible only after an individual has entered their biometric authentication such as fingerprint or facial recognition to unlock the phone. This shows how beneficial, and convenience Facial Technology has become. Traditionally, an individual would need to enter a PINs or password to unlock their phone, but with the use of FRT, it allows for faster access and secure transaction with just a glance. Additionally, this picture shows how FRT has been trusted and adopted by many major technology brand, which reflects its growing acceptance and usage.
Sheninger, Eric. (2016, November 20). A Principal's Reflections: Keys for a Successful Digital Transformation. Blogspot.com. Retrieved October 16, 2024 from https://esheninger.blogspot.com/2016/11/keys-for-successful-digital.html . Link to permission page: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
The reason I chose this image is because it highlights the importance of understanding the fundamentals of computing. As depicted in the image, various types of technology that we frequently use such as smartphone, tablet, and laptop are represented, emphasizing their integral part in our daily lives. Thus, it is essential for us to know how these devices interact and communicate with one another. Additionally, the image also highlights that we, the users, are at the center of the digital world, with essential tools are readily accessible at our fingertips. Therefore, this visual reinforces the idea that having basic knowledge of computing will empowers us and help us navigate and control the technology that surrounds us.
Wouters, Dirk. (2018, February 15). DevOps Business. pixabay.com. Retrieved October 22, 2024 from https://pixabay.com/photos/devops-business-process-improvement-3155972/ . Link to permission page: https://pixabay.com/service/license-summary/
The reason I chose this image is because it illustrates the continuous cycle of development and improvement essential for any technology in the tech fields. Like any other advanced technology, FRT also relies on similar processes involving planning, building, deploying and operating to help create reliable technology. The most crucial step for FRT is the continuous integration and feedback, which allow FRT to adapt to new data, improve accuracy and address privacy concerns. As depicted in the image, each stage in the development life cycle ensures that FRT can function efficiently and respond to changing security and ethical standards. Thus, this image reflects the process that helped make FRT more effective and user-centered over time.
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