Nomura, T. (2009). Software agents and robots in mental therapy: Psychological and
sociological perspectives. AI & Society, 23(4), 471-484. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-008-0180-3
In this article, Nomura talks about the interaction between machines and humans. Or rather, he speaks of the interaction between machines and humans in the therapeutic process. Contrary to many beliefs, he states that humans will unconsciously speak and react to machines as if it were human. This also applies to humans that are aware of the fact that they are speaking to a machine. For example, he states that if a machine were to send polite responses, a person will be polite back.
Robinson, A. (2015, September 17). Meet Ellie, the machine that can detect depression. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/sep/17/ellie-machine-that-can-detect-depression
This article gives a bit of information on the program ELLIE, it's developments and goals. This article has a video that shows just how smart ELLIE is. How she is able to detect a person's movements and speech. They also talk about how she is more likely to get a person to disclose their information compared to a person. The co-creator of Ellie will also go into more depth of Ellie's use for the psychiatric community.
Sotala, K. (2012). Advantages of Artificial Intelligences, Uploads, and Digital Minds. Retrieved from https://intelligence.org/files/AdvantagesOfAIs.pdf This article goes more in depth of artificial intelligence and its advantages. It goes over multiple elements of artificial intelligence. These include: hardware advantages, their intelligence, optimization power, their processing power, and memory. These all contribute to the AI's emergence in the technology industry. While this article is not necessarily information on Ellie, it does describe some of the components that make up Ellie.
The computer will see you now. (2014, August 20). Retrieved February 13, 2017, from http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21612114-virtual-shrink-may-sometimes-be-better-real-thing-computer-will-see This article goes over more of ELLIE's abilities. They were able to hold a test to determine whether or not people were willing to disclose personal information to a computer. Ellie would go through a number of starter questions that do get more intimate. To put it simply, half of ELLIE's patients were informed that she was an avatar while the other half were told she was a puppet controlled by a psychiatrist hidden. They realized that those who thought she was an avatar were more willing to talk about their personal problems as opposed to those who thought she was a puppet.
Turkle, S. (2016, Nov). The empathy gap. Psychotherapy Networker, 40 Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1867912920?accountid=14541 Turkle speaks of the empathy gap between machines and humans and why it is more important for human interaction. She briefly goes over why machines and humans are incompatible in the first place as the understanding between man and machine is virtually impossible. She stresses the importance of human interaction and how technology seems to be giving humans a lack of empathy. An example she gave was using a phone in the middle of a conversation. Many people do not know how hurtful it is to be disrupted by another person's phone call. Thus, this is why she states that humans are beginning to lack empathy for others.
W. (2015, April 23). Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from http://healthresearchfunding.org/pros-cons-artificial-intelligence/ This article goes over the pros and cons of artificial intelligence. Some of the pros include: no emotional barrier, cost efficient, no breaks, and inhumane circumstances. Emotional barriers keep a more professional work environment for others. Financial issues would only go toward machine use and not other items. Machines also do not need to take breaks and can do more work in a day than one employee can. The cons include: job loss, loss of information, no personal connection and the possibility of a security risk. It is no surprise for there to be job loss in an area where machines can actively produce more of a product or outcome where a human cannot. The risk of hacking and loss of information is always a risk as well.
(2017, April 04). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/embed/N4JekKAmHY0
This video a presentation of ELLIE. I talk about ELLIE, her current use, benefits, security aspects, as well as legal, ethical, and social implications. I also talk about her future use. Video is original and created by me.
Artificial Intelligence [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved April 9, 2017, from http://lifeboat.com/images/artificial.intelligence.jpg This image is used to represent artificial intelligence, which is what my project is based on. This image to me depicts that on the outside it may appear almost human, but everything within is mechanical. This is what ELLIE is. She may display almost human-like actions and features but all of these are programmed and designed. This is a distinguishing difference between communicating with another human or a machine.
