DRoylance, F. (2011, Feb 24). Will IBM's 'watson' become dr. watson?; computer could help doctors diagnose patients. Calgary Herald Retrieved October 1, 2018 from https://search.proquest.com/docview/854032859?accountid=14541
In this Calgary Herald news article, Frank D Roylance summarizes his interview with Dr. Eliot Siegal, director of Maryland Imaging Research Technologies Lab at University of Maryland School of Medicine. The topic regraded the ethical issues of IBM Watson and the misconception of it “replacing” doctors. This source benefits my argument because provides direct quotes and information from an expert and researcher in medical technologies and IBM Watson. Roylance and Dr. Siegal discuss that Watson has revolutionized the way doctors interacts with medical records and has made analyzing the records easier and more efficient. Watson is serving as a personal assistant to the doctor, that provides information and recommendations that are essential to the care of a patient. One doctor does not know all the answers or approaches to one medical problem; IBM Watson steps in and provides extra information so the doctor can evaluate and think about several different treatment plans before implementing one.
In this magazine article, Ferrucci explains the software and inspiration behind the invention of IBM Watson. IBM Watson is a QA – Question Answering data interface. When Watson was being developed, developers had a mindset of first, trying to make Watson “smart” enough to compete in a Jeopardy. The system follows 3 basic steps: 1) Determine the Category; 2) Find the clue(s) in the question; and 3) output the answer. The software behind Watson is called PIQUANT (Practical Intelligent Question Answering Technology). Ferrucci provides raw data and graphs showing how precise IBM Watson was during the Jeopardy challenge, which is an effective and reliable source for my paper.
It is important to understand that the system and software itself is completely legal and safe to use. The actual algorithm used in EMRs and other medical AI devices and the user are heavily recorded and could be liable for any misconduct. There is also another liability act, CCQ (art. 1468, 1469) which would place the evidentiary burden on the manufacture of the AI software, meaning they would have proven that their system did not cause the misdiagnosis. There is one last rule (art. 1465), which states that AI learn semi autonomously, which suggests that there is always a physician nearby or regulating the system. Therefore, a prosecutor could say the doctor’s negligence in watching the system caused a misdiagnosis and malpractice.
IBM Watson functions as a “annotator” for clinical data. It is a cognitive service that allows physician access to physician notes, discharge summaries, and pathology reports, in a quick and secure manner. Using the data and data analytic functions of IBM Watson, physicians may come by important insights on the care and treatment for their patient. Rather than a physician being limited to his or her own expert treatment methods, physicians can now search the various treatment plans that other doctors have conducted across the country and implement a treatment plan that puts the patient’s safety first and gives the patient the highest chance of survival. Watson is a AI healthcare consultant that serves as an aid to doctors to ensure that he or she approaches a patient’s illness with resources and the greatest amount of knowledge to improve the quality, patient satisfaction, and treatment success rate. This source is very effective because it explains how IBM Watson’s cloud service is being utilized and how its use actually helps the doctor solve and approach a patient’s health issue.
IBM Watson is large, intelligent database that is mostly used among doctors only, because of ethical issues regarding patient data safety. All the records in the database hold patient SSN and medical information, that if it was hacked and released, a major lawsuit would be handed to the hospital. However, IBM realized that patients have become interested and adamant about knowing how their health is throughout the day, rather than being told the couple of times a year he or she goes to their physician. So, they partnered with Medtronic, to create an app, Sugar.IQ™, that applies IBM Watson Health’s technology, to allow diabetes patients to track their sugar intake. The app has the AI to read the sugar intake and determine if the user has gone above their limit or reaching a critical and provide feedback to user of options to lower their sugar level and control their diet. This source shows how AI is interreacting with patients and how its medical intelligence can now not only be used in hospital. But now is the outside world. Most of my focuses on its use in the hospitals, but this article, provides me evidence that it is slowly being introduced to the public and now individuals themselves can track and control their own health.
This Intellectual Property and Technology LawJournal article explains how AI Medical Innovations have impacted the Medicine of two of the largest nations: Europe and United States. IBM Watson can be used to scan genetic data from the tumors of brain cancer patients, reducing the time taken to do so from weeks or months to only minutes. IBM Watson is allowing to doctors use their time more efficiently by focusing on preparing the patient for the treatment, rather than focusing on how to treat the patient. Patent data can be matched to other known data to develop a plan that keeps the patient safe and gives him or her the greatest chance of survival. The source also talks about the regulations of medical AI software in the United States. FDA has a major stand on the use of IBM Watson because they argue that while it is ok to use IBM Watson, it must be heavily controlled and constantly reviewed to ensure that it is accurate and is used to help doctors, not take over the role of a doctor. HIPPA is also connected, because the system contains private patient data, and hospitals and IBM must ensure that the system is heavily encrypted to lower the chance of it ever being hacked.
IBMs own website regarding the IBM Watson Health provides a precise discussion of what IBMs goal and intent for Watson is in the workforce. Their approach is divided into three subtopics: Data, Cloud, and Artificial Intelligence. Data itself does not provide insight – IBM wants to provide a system that clean, organizes, and evaluates data through intelligent analytical power that creates cloud-based health care programs, with models and data sets, societal health problems may be solved. The Cloud protects data and is implemented so that a patient can only access THEIR data. The artificial intelligent aspect is the most important. It is composed of 80 AI services that allow 4 major functions: 1) it is a annotator for clinical data – read and understand unstructured data and applies it to known information, 2) insight for patient data – it analyzes a patient’s medical history and provides a summary of key points and health problems, 3) patient similarity – identifies patient switch similar medical stats and uses their data to compare clinical similarities. This allows doctors to understand different views on treatments, and 4) medical insights – helps doctors find information in medical literature and discover new insights. These 3 approaches summarize the purpose of IBM Watson, and helps create a general, uncomplicated description of what IBM is and how it is being used.
Garcia, B. (2017, March 08). Sistema cognitivo: IBM Watson, la inteligencia aumentada por So-Buzz. Retrieved from http://www.so-buzz.es/blog/sistema-cognitivo-ibm-watson-la-inteligencia-aumentada-por-so-buzz/
This picture was recieved from bing.com free to use images. The article by Garcia talked about the basics of IBM Watson. It included the professional logo for IBM Watson. This logo is important to my site, becuase it represents the IBM company, and specifically the system that I am focusing on: Watson. The logo provides a visual represenation and credits IBM for their system.
Image of IBM Watson DeepQA architecture was provided by Ferrucci. The model simplified the process of how IBM Watson takes infromation and produced outputs. The technology section decribes the how IBM Watson's software function. There are many steps to how Watson inputs information, analyzes it, and provides an output in the form of feedback. The model shows a visual chart about the small steps the IBM system takes in order to fuflfill its purpose.
IBM Watson: Artificial Intelligence's Impact on Precision Medicine, September 24, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXcncalC4Oo&t=2s, video is orginal and created by me.
This video provides a visual representation of the key points discussed on this website. It is a quick overview about the technology, legal, ethical, and security aspects of IBM Watson, and a few examples of the current uses of IBM Watson in health care. It describes that IBM Watson is simply a database that stores infromation, and then analyzes that infromation, comparing it to previous data, to provide medical insights for doctors. It functions as a QA system for medical proffesionals to test their ideas about medical care by comparing it to previusly tried ideas and their results on the successes and problems occured that another medical professional tried befor them. Sugar.IQ™ is a application innovation that IBM has made and is continuing to improve that allows patients to utilize IBMs intelligence to help people with diabetes take care and keep track of their own health, when not at the doctors.
Sugar.IQ™ App digitial photo taken by iPhone 7, November 13,2018, "digital photograph was taken by me".
This photo is a visual representation of the Sugar.IQ™ app and user interface that was mentioned in the Current Use and Future Impact section. Sugar.IQ™ is a important example of how medical care is expanding from the hospital to the outside world. This app is the influence and start of medical hospitals utilizing artificial intelligence and technology to allow patients to regulate their own health. The goal is that this app can determine, based on the inputed data of the users diet, when a individual may be at risk of a medical situation. But, the other goal is that people with diabetes will have a "virtual doctor" to help them keep track of their sugar levels. This is a great example that AI has become so advancd, that medical proffesionals wanted to spread IBM's Watson's intellgence to the public.