This
resource list grows out of an on-going project at George Mason Univeristy
(GMU) to rethink the current shape and future directions of English studies
in a context of cultural diversity (both here within the United States
and in the wider global arena).
Given the character of the English department at GMU, our interest encompasses
a wide range of disciplinary areas (literature, theatre, film, folklore,
composition, creative writing), though these areas are very unevenly represented
in what follows.
There
is now a large body of work that takes up particular aspects of English
in global contexts. The resource
list that follows does not attempt the impossible task of enumerating this
large and rapidly expanding body of work; instead, it seeks to gather together
some material useful for scholars and teachers seeking to give more focused
attention to issues of cultural diversity in their engagement with English
studies. Much expanding of the boundaries
of English studies has taken place at the level of concrete case studies
(of particular authors or works), but this has not always resulted in significant
rethinking of the scope, assumptions, and critical paradigms of English
studies. The list that follows emphasizes
this last kind of meta-critical work, i.e., reflections on disciplinary
practice in English studies in light of issues of cultural diversity.
It also includes a number of studies of particular issues and terrains
that aren’t primarily focused on disciplinary revision and critique but
that provide useful information and perspectives for those who are interested
in such revision and critique.
(Persons interested in this work might also want to consult the separate
resource list of “Multicultural and World Literature Anthologies” compiled
as part of this project.)
Every
part of this resource list has been compiled in an unsystematic fashion
and additional suggestions and corrections would be very welcome (contact
Alok Yadav at ayadav@gmu.edu).
The resource list is still in a somewhat preliminary state; nonetheless,
there are several hundred citations here and there should be something
of interest to most anyone interested in the general issues mentioned above.
This
list of resources is divided into six sections, as follows:
United States focus (incl.
“multiculturalism”)
1.Rethinking
American Literary Studies/American Studies
2.Rethinking
Writing, Composition, & Communication Studies
3.Rethinking
American Social and Cultural History
International
focus (incl. “globalization”)
4.Rethinking
English/Cultural Studies in Global Contexts
5.Rethinking
the English Language in Global Contexts
Some
of the acts of classification within these six categories are relatively
arbitrary—and some are, no doubt, mistaken—but the idea is to group together
the work broadly focused on English studies as a disciplinary formation
in sections 1 and 4 (for literary focus) and in section 2 (for writing
& composition), and to put other relevant social and historical studies,
as well as case studies of particular cultural contexts or traditions,
in sections 3, 5 and 6. (You can also access all the six categories
of citations as a single file by clicking
here.)
A
very few of the items have descriptive annotations.
American
Literature 65 (1993):
325-61: Forum: What Do We Need to Teach? [JSTOR]
American
Literature 66 (1994):
769-829: Forum: Repositionings: Multiculturalism, American Literary History,
and the Curriculum [JSTOR]
American
Literature 67 (1995):
793-853: Forum: American Literary History: The Next Century [JSTOR], esp.
Laura Romero. “Nationalism and Internationalism: Domestic Differences in
a Postcolonial World” (795-800).
Bender,
Thomas. “Where Is America? A Planning Conference on Internationalizing
American History.” OAH Newsletter (Nov. 1997): 21.
Bender,
Thomas, ed. Rethinking American History in a Global Age. Berkeley:
U of California P, 2002.
reviews:
Perez,
Louis A., Jr. “We Are the World: Internationalizing the Nation, Nationalizing
the International.” Journal of American History 89.2 (2002): 558-66.
Bercovitch,
Sacvan. “America as Canon and Context: Literary History in a Time of Dissensus.”
American
Literature 58 (1986): 99-107. [JSTOR]
Writing
as the general editor of the Cambridge History of American Literature,
projected at the time to be in 5 volumes beginning in 1989 (but now expanded
to 8? volumes, the first of which appeared in 1994; volumes 1-2, 5-8 are
in Fenwick Reference), Bercovitch offers an overview of some of the issues
involved in the project.Relatively
thin; see essays by, Annette Kolodny and Emory Elliott (below).
Brenkman,
John. “Multiculturalism and Criticism.” English Inside and Out: The
Places of Literary Criticism. Eds. Susan Gubar and Jonathan Kamholtz.
1993.
Cain,
William E., ed. Reconceptualizing American Literary/Cultural Studies:
Rhetoric, History, and Politics in the Humanities. New York: Garland,
1996.
Cheyfitz,
Eric. “What Work Is There for Us to Do? American Literary Studies or Americas
Cultural Studies.” American Literature 67 (1995): 843-53.
Cheyfitz,
Eric. “Redistribution and the Transformation of American Studies.” Critical
Theory and the Teaching of Literature: Politics, Curriculum, Pedagogy.
Eds. James F. Slevin and Art Young. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1996.
Davis,
Allen F. “The Politics of American Studies.” American Quarterly
42.3 (1990): 353-74.
De
La Campa, Román. “Latin, Latino, American: Split States and Global
Imaginaries.”
Comparative Literature 53.4 (2001): 373-88.
Desmond,
Jane and Virginia Dominguez. “Resituating American Studies in a Critical
Internationalism.” American Quarterly 48 (1996): 475-90.
Elliott,
Emory. “New Literary History: Past and Present.” American Literature
57 (1985): 611-21. [JSTOR]
Erkkila,
Betsy. “Ethnicity, Literary Theory, and the Grounds of Resistance.” American
Quarterly 47.4 (1995): 563-94.
Fishkin,
Shelley Fisher. “InterrogatingWhiteness,'
ComplicatingBlackness': Remapping
American Culture.” American Quarterly 47 (1995): 428-66.
Fluck,
Winfried. “The Humanities in the Age of Expressive Individualism and Cultural
Radicalism.”
Cultural Critique 40 (Fall 1998): 49-71;
rpt. in The Futures of American Studies. Eds. Donald E. Pease and
Robyn Weigman. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. 211-30.
Fluck,
Winfried. “The Americanization of Literary Studies.” American Studies
International 28 (Oct. 1999): 9-21.
Ford,
Stacilee and Clyde Haulman. “’To Touch the Trends’: Internationalizing
American Studies: Perspectives from Hong Kong and Asia.” American Studies
International 34.2 (1996): 42-58.
George,
Olakunle. “Alice Walker’s Africa: Globalization and the Province of Fiction.”
Comparative
Literature 53.4 (2001): 354-71. [JSTOR; ABELL]
Giles,
Paul. “Reconstructing American Studies: Transnational Paradoxes, Comparative
Perspectives.” Journal of American Studies 28 (1994): 335-58.
Giles,
Paul. “Virtual Americas: The Internationalization of American Studies and
the Ideology of Exchange.” American Quarterly 50.3 (1998): 523-47.
Giles,
Paul.
Virtual Americas: Transnational Fictions and the Transatlantic
Imaginary. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2003.
Gish,
Robert Franklin. Beyond Bounds: Cross-Cultural Essays on Anglo American,
Native American, and Chicano Literature. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico
P, 1996.
Green,
Roland. “Wanted: A New World Studies.” American Literary History
12 (2000): 337-47.
Gura,
Philip F. “Turning Our World Upside Down: Reconceiving Early American Literature.”
American
Literature 63 (1991): 104-12. [JSTOR]
Horwitz,
Richard P. “The Politics of International American Studies.” American
Studies International 31.1 (1993): 89-116.
Ickstadt,
Heinz. “American Studies in an Age of Globalization.” American Quarterly
54 (2002): 543-62.
Jay,
Gregory. “The End of ‘American’ Literature: Toward a Multicultural Practice.”
College
English 53 (Mar. 1991): 264-81.
As
against a reform of American literary study in the direction of “pluralism”
(i.e., recognizing the existence of multiple—but mutually independent—cultural
traditions within the domain of American literature), Jay argues that “[o]ur
goal should be rather to construct a multicultural and dialogical paradigm
for the study of writing in the United States (264).The
emphasis on the interplay among the multicultural traditions of the United
States is the central thrust of his argument: “Within the boundaries of
the US, the lines between cultural groups do not form impassable walls,
though they often take oppressive shape.Historically
these zones are an area of constant passage back and forth, as each culture
borrows, imitates, exploits, subjugates, subverts, mimics, ignores, or
celebrates the others.The myth of
assimilation homogenizes this process by representing it as the progressive
acquiescence of every other group to a dominant culture” (268).Jay
adopts Gerald Graff’s notion of “teaching the conflicts” as a term for
describing the pedagogy he advocates: “Facile pluralism might be avoided
through demonstrations of the real conflicts between texts and cultures.I
advocate courses in which the materials are chosen for the ways in which
they actively interfere with each other’s experiences, languages,
and values and for their power to expand the horizon of the student’s cultural
literacy to encompass peoples he or she has scarcely acknowledged as real”
(274).These “interference” might
occur between texts, but it might also occur within a given text: e.g.,
Tillie Olsen’s Tell Me a Riddle (1961) in which “the contrast between
Jewish-American and Mexican-American assimilation unfolds a multicultural
fable of the politics of recollected identities” (273).“Clearly
a multicultural reconception of ‘Writing in the United States’ will lead
us to change drastically or eventually abandon the conventional historical
narratives, period designations, and major themes and authors previously
dominating ‘American literature’” (275).
Jay,
Gregory S. American Literature and the Culture Wars. Ithaca: Cornell
UP, 1997.
Jay,
Paul. “The Myth of ‘America’ and the Politics of Location: Modernity, Border
Studies, and the Literature of the Americas.” Arizona Quarterly
54 (1998): 165-92.
Kaplan,
Amy. “Left Alone with America: The Absence of Empire in the Study of American
Culture.” Cultures of United States Imperialism. Eds. Amy Kaplan
and Donald E. Pease. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1993. 3-21.
Kaplan,
Amy and Donald E. Pease, eds. Cultures of United States Imperialism.
Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1993.
King,
Richard C., ed. Postcolonial America. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 2000.
Kolodny,
Annette. “The Integrity of Memory: Creating a New Literary History of the
United States.” American Literature 57 (1985): 291-307. [JSTOR]
Kolodny,
Annette. “Letting Go of Our Grand Obsessions: Notes Toward a New Literary
History of the American Frontiers.”American Literature 64 (1992):
1-18. [JSTOR]
Laguardia,
Gari and Bell Gale Chevigny. Introduction. Reinventing the Americas:
Comparative Studies of Literature in the United States and Spanish America.
Ed. Chevigny and Laguardia. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986. 3-33.
Lauter,
Paul. “The
Literatures of America--A Comparative Discipline.” Redefining American
Literary History. Eds. A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff and Jerry W. Ward, Jr.
New York: MLA, 1990. 9-34; rev. version in his Canons and Contexts.
New York: Oxford UP, 1991. 48-96.
Lauter,
Paul, ed. Reconstructing American Literature: Courses, Syllabi, Issues.
Old Westbury, NY: Feminist P, 1983.
Lenz,
Günter H. “Transnational American Studies: Negotiating Cultures of
Difference—Multicultural Identities, Communities, and Border Discourses.”
Multiculturalism
in Transit: A German-American Exchange. Eds. Klaus J. Milich and Jeffrey
M. Peck. New York: Berghahn, 1998. 129-66.
Lenz,
Günter H. “Toward a Dialogics of International American Culture Studies:
Transnationality, Border Discourses, and Public Culture(s).” Amerikastudien/American
Studies 44.1 (1999): 5-23; rpt. in The Futures of American Studies.
Eds. Donald E. Pease and Robyn Weigman. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. 461-85.
Lenz,
Günter R., et al. “Transculturations: American Studies in a Globalizing
World—The Globalizing World in American Studies.” Amerikastudien
47.1 (2002): 97-119.
Limerick,
Patricia Nelson. “Frontier.” A Companion to American Thougth. Eds.
Richard Wightman Fox and James T. Kloppenberg. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
255-59.
Limerick,
Patricia Nelson. “Insiders and Outsiders: The Borders of the USA and the
Limits of the ASA: Presidential Address to the American Studies Association
31 October 1996.” American Quarterly 49.3 (1997): 449-69.
Lowe,
Lisa. “The International within the National: American Studies and Asian
American Critique.” Cultural Critique 40 (Fall 1998): 29-47; rpt.
in The Futures of American Studies. Eds. Donald E. Pease and Robyn
Weigman. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. 76-92.
Mackenthun,
Gesa. “Adding Empire to the Study of American Culture.” Journal of American
Studies 30 (1996): 263-69.
Mailloux,
Steven. “Making Comparisons: First Contact, Ethnocentrism, and Cross-Cultural
Communication.” Post-Nationalist American Studies. Ed. John Carlos
Rowe. Berkeley: U of California P, 2000. 110-25 (plus syllabus, 126-28).
Uses
Rorty to discuss two aspects of ethnocentrism—hermeneutic and political—in
the activity of cultural comparison.Mailloux
accepts the inevitability of hermeneutic ethnocentrism, drawing on the
relativist and antifoundationalist “sophistic” tradition of rhetoric, since
the act of comparison takes place in relation to criteria or standards
that are always specific to a particular historical community: “at any
point in the [cultural] space/time continuum, our own web of vocabularies,
beliefs, and desires—the communal and individual subjects/agents that we
are—comprise the delimiting and enabling conditions of our comparative
activities.We can never stand completely
outside all cultural positions objectively comparing our ethnos with another
alien one, but neither are we free to actualize any position whatsoever
or convincingly make any comparisons we want through some imagined freedom
of absolute relativism.We are ‘we’
because of our being positioned within a culture in a particular set of
practices // that empowers and constrains acts of interpretive and evaluative
comparison” (117-18).While he acknowledges
that this situation can produce unjust evaluations (as Lyotard emphasizes
through his notion of a “differend”), Mailloux denies that it can
produce incommensurability, complete failure of communication: “No community
can be so different from // another than cross-cultural communication is
in principle forever doomed to fail” (120-21).Mailloux
raises large and important theoretical issues, but it’s not exactly clear
what the implications of his argument are at the level of practice (cross-cultural
interpretive practice).
Menand,
Louis. “Diversity.” Critical Terms for Literary Study. Eds. Frank
Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin. 2nd edn. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.
336-53.
Mergen,
Bernard. “Can American Studies Be Globalized?” American Studies
41.2-3 (Summer/Fall 2000).
Michaels,
Walter Benn. Our America: Nativism, Modernism and Pluralism. Durham,
NC: Duke UP, 1995.
Morrison,
Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination.
New York: Random House, 1993.
Newfield,
Christopher and Ronald Strickland, eds. After Political Correctness:
The Humanities and Society in the 1990s. Boulder, CO: Westview P, 1995.
O’Hearn,
Claudine Chiawei. Half and Half: Writers on Growing Up Biracial and
Bicultural. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
Ortíz,
Ricardo L. “Hemispheric Vertigo: Cuba, Quebec, and Other Provisional Reconfigurations
of ‘Our’ New America(s).” The
Futures of American Studies.
Eds. Donald E. Pease and Robyn Weigman. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. 327-40.
Pease,
Donald. “National Identities, Postmodern Artifacts, and Postnational Narratives.”
National
Identities and Post-Americanist Narratives. Ed. Donald Pease. Durham,
NC: Duke UP, 1994. 1-13.
Pease,
Donald. “C.L.R. James, Moby Dick, and the Emergence of Transnational
American Studies.” Arizona Quarterly 56.3 (2000): 93-123;
rpt. in The Futures of American Studies. Eds. Donald E. Pease and
Robyn Weigman. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. 135-63.
Pease,
Donald. “The Politics of Postnational American Studies.” European Journal
of American Studies 20.2 (2001): 78-90.
Pease,
Donald E., ed. National Identities and Post-Americanist Narratives.
Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1994.
Pease,
Donald and Robyn Wiegman, eds. The Futures of American Studies.
Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002.
Peyser,
Thomas. Utopia and Cosmopolis: Globalization in the Era of American
Literary Realism.
reviews:
Diller,
Christopher. Nineteenth-Century Literature 56.1 (2001): 110-14.
Giles,
Paul. Journal of American Studies 36.1 (2002): 177-78.
Porter,
Carolyn. “What We Know That We Don’t Know: Remapping American Literary
Studies.” American Literary History 3 (1994): 467-526.
Rowe,
John Carlos. “A Future for American Studies: Comparative U.S. Cultures
Model.”
American Studies in Germany: European Contexts and Intercultural
Relations. Eds. Günter H. Lenz and Klaus J. Milich. New York:
St. Martin’s P, 1995. 262-78.
Rowe,
John Carlos. “Post-Nationalism, Globalism, and the New American Studies.”
Cultural
Critique 40 (Fall 1998): 11-27;
rpt. in Post-Nationalist American Studies. Ed. John Carlos Rowe.
Berkeley: U of California P, 2000. 23-37 (plus syllabus, 38-39); rpt. in
The
Futures of American Studies. Eds. Donald E. Pease and Robyn Weigman.
Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. 167-82.
Rowe,
John Carlos, ed. Post-Nationalist American Studies. Berkeley: U
of California P, 2000.
Emphasizing
the need to connect “the research and teaching components of the new American
Studies” (x), this volume brings together critical essays and syllabi for
sample (imaginary) courses that embody the outlook presented in the essays:
“’How would you develop a course out of these ideas?’ was the question
we asked ourselves” (xi).Notes
omissions in the volume: Native American Studies; Western hemisphere approaches
(e.g., Caribbean, Latin American, Canadian comparativist studies) (xii).The
contributors seek “to contribute to a version of American Studies that
is less insular and parochial, and more internationalist and comparative.In
this sense, our efforts to formulate a post-nationalist American Studies
respond to and seek to revise the cultural nationalism and celebratory
American exceptionalism that often informed the work of American Studies
scholars in the Cold War era” (2).
Saldívar,
José David. The Dialectics of Our America: Genealogy, Cultural
Critique, and Literary History. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1991.
Saldívar,
José David. Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies.
Berkeley: U of California P, 1997.
Sánchez,
George J. “Creating the Multicultural Nation: Adventures in Post-Nationalist
American Studies in the 1990s.” Post-Nationalist American Studies.
Ed. John Carlos Rowe. Berkeley: U of California P, 2000. 40-58 (plus syllabus,
59-62).
A
useful discussion of the claims of Ethnic Studies programs and particular
areas of study (African American Studies, Latino/a and Chicano/a Studies,
Native American Studies, Asian American Studies) vis-à-vis the current
move towards a “post-nationalist” or “cosmopolitan” emphasis in American
Studies.Sánchez’s discussion
illuminates how vexed these issues are, how much they are overdetermined
by various agendas, and how moves to a revised and multicultural American
Studies can work to marginalize (once again) the perspectives brought into
academic circulation by advocates of Ethnic Studies programs.“[I]f
a true conversation is to exist between Ethnic Studies and American Studies,”
he writes, “we must collectively fight off the tendency to collapse difference
into some new nationalist paradigm, even if ‘multicolored’” (56).
Sandoval,
Chela. “U.S. Third World Feminism: The Theory and Method of Oppositional
Consciousness in the Postmodern World.” Genders 10 (1991): 1-24.
Sharpe,
Jenny. “Is the United States Postcolonial? Transnationalism, Immigration,
and Race.” Diaspora 4.2 (Fall 1995).
Simonson,
Rick and Scott Walker, eds. Multi-Cultural Literacy. Saint Paul,
MN: Graywolf P, 1988.
Singh,
Amritjit and Peter Schmidt, eds. Postcolonial Theory and the United
States: Race, Ethnicity, and Literature. Jackson: UP of Mississippi,
2000.
reviews:
Handley,
George. Mississippi Quarterly 55.1 (2001/02): 158-60. [ABELL]
Smithson,
Isaiah and Nancy Ruoff, eds. English Studies/Cultural Studies. Urbana:
U of Illinois P, 1994.
Sollors,
Werner. “For a Multilingual Turn in American Studies.” American Studies
Association Newsletter 20.2 (1997): 13-15.
Sollors,
Werner and Marc Shell, eds. The Multilingual Anthology of American Literature:
A Reader of Original Texts with English Translations. New York: New
York UP, 2000.
Spanos,
William V. “American Studies in the ‘Age of the World Picture’: Thinking
the Question of Language.” The
Futures of American Studies.
Eds. Donald E. Pease and Robyn Weigman. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. 387-415.
Spillers,
Hortense J. “Who Cuts the Borders? Some Readings on ‘America.’” Comparative
American Identities: Race, Sex, and Nationality in the Modern Text.
Ed. Hortense J. Spillers. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Tyrell,
Ian. “American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History.” American
Historical Review 96 (1991): 1031-72.
Wald,
Alan. “The Culture of ‘Internal Colonialism’: A Marxist Perspective.” MELUS
8.3 (1981): 18-27. [JSTOR]
Wald,
Priscilla. “Minefields and Meeting Grounds: Transnational Analysis and
American Studies.”
American Literary History 10 (1998): 199-218.
Walker,
Robert. “The Internationalization of American Studies.” American Studies
International 26.1 (1988): 67-71.
Washington,
Mary Helen. “Disturbing the Peace: What Happens to American Studies If
You Put African American Studies at the Center?” American Quarterly
50.1 (1998): 1-23.
Williams,
Jeffrey, ed. PC Wars: Politics and Theory in the Academy. New York:
Routledge, 1995.
Wise,
Gene. “’Paradigm Dramas’ in American Studies: A Cultural and Institutional
History of the Movement.” American Quarterly 31 (1979): 293-337.
Adams,
J.Q., J.F. Niss, and C. Suarez. Multicultural Education: A Rationale
for Development and Implementation. Macomb: Western Illinois University
Foundation, 1991. Asante,
M.K. and W.B. Gudykunst, eds. Handbook of International and Intercultural
Communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. Barton,
David. Literacy: An Introduction to the Ecology of Written Language.
Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Esp. chapter 5, on multilingualism in literacy
research. Belcher,
Diane. “How Professors Initiate Nonnative Speakers into their Disciplinary
Discourse Communities.” Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education
1 (1989): 207-25. Border,
L.B. and N.V.M. Chism, eds. The Future Is Now: A Call for Action and
List of Resources. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No.49
(Teaching for Diversity). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992. Chang,
S.J. “Linguistics and Written Discourse in Particular Languages: Contrastive
Studies: English and Korean.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
(1982): 85-98. Connor,
Ulla. Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-cultural Aspects of Second-language
Writing. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996. Fox,
Helen.
Listening to the World: Cultural Issues in Academic Writing.
Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1994. [Addresses
writing issues faced by non-western students in the U.S. academy, but much
of what Fox discusses—e.g., the expectations for academic writing in the
U.S.—is useful for thinking about writing and interpersonal communication
issues for all students; she also devotes one chapter specifically to U.S.
“involuntary minority” students.Short
(150 pp.) and intelligent grappling with complex issues, especially with
regard to the way in which recognizing and addressing cultural differences
can bleed into ethnocentric cultural stereotyping and deprecation of “others.”Good
list of “Resources for Research, Teaching, and Cross-Cultural Understanding.”] Fox,
T. “Basic Writing as Cultural Conflict.” Journal of Education 172.1
(1990): 65-83. Hairston,
Maxine. “Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing.” College Composition
and Communication 43 (1992): 179-93. Harvard
Educational Review
58.3 (Aug. 1988): special issue: “Race, Racism and American Education:
Perspectives of Asian Americans, Blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans.” Hecht,
M.L., M.J. Collier, and S.A. Ribeau. African American Communication:
Ethnic Identity and Cultural Interpretation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage,
1993. Hinds,
J. “Linguistics and Written Discourse in English and Japanese: A Contrastive
Study (1978-1982).” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (1982):
78-84. Hinds,
J. “Reader versus Writer Responsibility: A New Typology.” Writing Across
Languages: Analysis of L2 Text. Eds. Ulla Connor and Robert B. Kaplan.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1987. Horner,
W., ed. Composition and Literature: Bridging the Gap. Chicago: U
of Chicago P, 1983. International
Journal of Intercultural Relations
(1976?- ) Jenkins,
M. “Teaching a New Majority: Guidelines for Cross-cultural Communication
between Students and Faculty.” Feminist Teacher 5.1 (1990): 8-14. Johns,
Ann M. “Language and Culture in the Classroom.” Multicultural Diversity
and College Teaching. Ed. Helen Roberts. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1994.
60-76. Johns,
Ann M. “ESL Students and WAC Programs: Varied Populations and Diverse Needs.”
WAC
for the New Millenium: Strategies for Continuing Writing-Across-the-Curriculum
Programs. Eds. S. McLead, E. Miraglia, M. Soven, and Chris Thaiss.
Urbana, IL: NCTE, 2001. 141-64. Kaplan,
Robert B. “Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education.” Language
Learning 16 (1966): 1-20. (the founding text for contrastive rhetoric
studies) Kaplan,
Robert B. “Cultural Thought Patterns Revisited.” Writing Across Languages:
Analysis of L2 Text. Eds. Ulla Connor and Robert B. Kaplan. Reading,
MA: Addison-Wesley, 1987. Kochman,
T. Black and White Styles in Conflict. Chicago: U of Chicago P,
1981. Lan,
Haixia. “Contrastive Rhetoric: A Must in Cross-Cultural Inquiries.” Alt-Dis:
Alternative Discourses in the Academy. Eds. Schraeder, Fox, and Bizzell.
Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 2002. 68-79. Leki,
Ilona.
Understanding ESL Writers: A Guide for Teachers. Portsmouth,
NH: Boynton/Cook, 1992. Li,
Xiao-ming.
“Good Writing” in Cross-Cultural Context. Albany: SUNY
P, 1996. Liebman,
J. “Toward a New Contrastive Rhetoric: Differences between Arabic and Japanese
Rhetorical Instruction.” Journal of Second Language Writing 1 (1992):
141-65. Markus,
H.R. and S. Kitayama. “Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition,
Emotion, and Motivation.” Psychological Review 58.3 (1991): 224-53. Matalene,
Carolyn. “Contrastive Rhetoric: An American Writing Teacher in China.”
College
English 47 (1985): 789-808. [JSTOR] Matsuda,
Paul Kei. “Contrastive Rhetoric in Context: A Dynamic Model of L2 Writing.”
Journal
of Second Language Writing 6.1 (1997): 45-60. Matsuda,
Paul Kei. “Alternative Discourses: A Synthesis.” Alt-Dis: Alternative
Discourses in the Academy. Eds. Schraeder, Fox, and Bizzell. Portsmouth,
NH: Boynton/Cook, 2002. 191-96. Muchiri,
Mary N., Nshindi G. Mulamba, Greg Myers, and Deoscorous B. Ndoli. “Importing
Composition: Teaching and Researching Academic Writing Beyond North America.”
College
Composition and Communication 46.2 (May 1995): 175-98. Mulhauser,
Peter and Rom Harré. Pronouns and People: the Linguistic Construction
of Social and Personal Identity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1990. Murray,
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16-31. [JSTOR] (How
have globalizing tendencies in the discipline, insofar as they are present,
contributed to the remapping of literary studies not just in the modern
era but in all periods of literary studies?What
new topics, issues, and problems has the globalization of literary studies,
wherever it has occurred, brought into critical discussion and, just as
assuredly, kept out of it?How have
tendencies to globalize literary studies been assisted, challenged, or
thwarted by specific critical methodologies?What
influence have such globalizing tendencies had on revising inherited notions
not only of the literary and the aesthetic but also of the cultural and
the historical?What impact have
they had on the reconceptualization of literature’s relation with other
expressive media, such as film, photography, television, and the Internet,
and with pursuits like journalism and scholarship?In
what specific ways has this new sensitivity to the interconnections among
discursive fields and expressive practices, in and across cultures and
in and across periods, changed the object of knowledge in literary studies?What
problems are involved in associating the reconfiguration of literary study
with processes of global restructuring that are by turns demographic, economic,
political, environmental, cultural, and social?And
what alterations have these developments forced on practices of teaching,
research, writing, curricular organization, and departmental administration?”
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(35).In his history, film theory
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world through “classic historicist assumptions” (35).In
the 1960s and 1970s this gives way to a formalist turn, which coincided
with the emergence of film studies as a field of academic study.The
third, contemporary, moment is a post-structural moment that situates film
within larger social processes and is attentive to local and material concepts
such as gender, ethnicity, and class rather than abstract generalities
such as the Zeitgeist. Nichols
then proposes using the concepts of visual culture, representation, and
rhetoric as a way of thinking about contemporary directions in film theory,
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the debate within which they situate their work is historically of the
mid-nineties, their approach of making connections—in temporal terms, spatial/geographical
terms, disciplinary terms, intertextual terms, and conceptual terms (5)—may
be useful for thinking about a broader context for “English studies,” or
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