ENGH302H: Quotation and Citation Guidelines

This is fine, but it is the most difficult way to use a quotation.

In-text quotations:

While in normal writing in the United States commas and periods generally go inside quotation marks, even if they were not part of the original quotation, this rule changes when the sentence includes a parenthetical notation, in which case your punctuation goes after the citation. Note that in the quotation above, the period comes after the citation: and each shows only what lies in its focus” (131-32).

“The pressure of public opinion can do in the town what the law cannot accomplish. There is no lane so vile that the scream of a tortured child, or the thud of a drunkard’s blow, does not beget sympathy and indignation among the neighbours, and then the whole machinery of justice is ever so close that a word of complaint can set it going, and there is but a step between the crime and the dock. But look at these lonely houses, each in its own fields, filled for the most part with poor ignorant folk who know little of the law. Think of the deeds of hellish cruelty, the hidden wickedness which may go on, year in, year out, in such places, and none the wiser.” (“The Copper Beeches” 172)

When quoting poetry or verse drama, quotations up to three lines may be included within the body of the paragraph, but line-breaks must be indicated with forward slashes (/), with a space on either side of the slash (also called a virgule or solidus). If the author and title are clear from context (again, as they usually will be), cite a quotation from a poem simply by line numbers:

You can use an ellipsis (. . .) if you want to cut out part of a quotation that is irrelevant to your argument. Note: ellipses have spaces between the periods, and they contain only three periods, though if you insert one directly after a period, you should retain the period as well. Important: You do not need an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quotation, only when you cut something in between:

Quotation and Citation Guidelines

Important note: In formal writing assignments, everything should be double-spaced. I do not double-space here, largely because trying to double-space in HTML is laborious.

Setting up and transitioning to quotations

The best way to transition to a quotation is usually with a colon. Using a colon helps remind you that you should set up the quotation in a substantive way, rather than with an empty phrase like Smith says or Jones writes.

Emerson’s tone in “Experience” has none of the exuberant self-confidence he had demonstrated in “Self-Reliance,” and indeed expresses a loss of faith even in his own perception of reality: “Dream delivers us to dream, and there is no end to illusion. Life is a train of moods like a string of beads, and, as we pass through them, they prove to be many-colored lenses which paint the world their own hue, and each shows only what lies in its focus” (131-32). The frustration and regret here are palpable, yet Emerson never writes more beautifully than in this passage — which is indeed far more poetic than his poems.

Using a comma to set-up the quotation would create a comma splice, which is a grammatical error. This has nothing to do with this being a block or set-off quotation; the same problem would exist even if the quotation was in-line and consisted only of the first sentence.

Remember, though, that a colon is a strong punctuation mark, meaning you cannot continue your own thought after whatever comes after it. For example:

Sassoon finds concealing his scorn of civilians nearly impossible, as in the final couplet in “Suicide in the Trenches”: “Sneak home and pray you’ll never know / The hell where youth and laughter go” (13-14).

You must end the sentence here; you cannot continue. If you need to do so, use a dash instead of a colon to introduce the quotation, then use another dash after the citation:

Sassoon finds concealing his scorn of civilians nearly impossible, as in “Suicide in the Trenches” — “Sneak home and pray you’ll never know / The hell where youth and laughter go” (13-14) — in which the combination of the verbs Sneak and pray and the opposition of pray and hell reveal his contempt of sanctimony as well as blind patriotism.

Note the use of italics to call attention to words that were just quoted. This is a better approach than quoting and citing them a second time: it connects the analysis to the quotation without cluttering the page with excessive quotation marks. This approach also works with short phrases.

Using a comma is correct after a standard phrases such as Vendler argues or Shelley writes, but in practice these phrases are seldom necessary, and in fact merely make the connection between your point and the quotation less immediate:

Millay revels in depicting herself as cold-hearted toward past lovers when she writes, “I find this frenzy insufficient reason / For conversation when we meet again” (“I being born a woman and distressed” 13-14).

This is not wrong, but it offers no advantage over simply put a colon after lovers and transitioning to the quotation directly:

Millay revels in depicting herself as cold-hearted toward former lovers: “I find this frenzy insufficient reason / For conversation when we meet again” (“I being born a woman and distressed” 13-14).

Traditionally, the word that indicates paraphrase, not direct quotation, so on those occasions you do use a phrase like Keats writes or Cavino claims, do not add that if you then quote directly.

Sometimes you can integrate a quotation with your own sentence, in which case often no punctuation is required. However, be careful. This can easily get you into trouble, so it usually works best when the quotation is short (less than a sentence):

For Eliot, the patterns of Yeats’s career must have offered considerable hope, provided he could emulate it. Not surprisingly, then, Eliot begins his essay by claiming Yeats — twenty-three years his senior — as “from one point of view, a contemporary and not a predecessor” (248). Thus begins a reading of Yeats born of anxiety.

This is fine, but it is the most difficult way to use a quotation.

Quoting and citing prose ( secondary sources and prose literary works)

In-text quotations:

In formal essays, quotations of four lines or fewer of prose (provided they do not contain a paragraph-break or multiple speakers) can be included within the body of a paragraph:

Emerson’s tone in “Experience” has none of the exuberant self-confidence he had demonstrated in “Self-Reliance,” and indeed often expresses a loss of faith even in his own perception of reality: “Dream delivers us to dream, and there is no end to illusion. Life is a train of moods like a string of beads, and, as we pass through them, they prove to be many-colored lenses which paint the world their own hue, and each shows only what lies in its focus” (131-32). The frustration and regret here are palpable, yet Emerson never writes more beautifully than in this passage — which is indeed far more poetic than his poems.

About citations: If the author and title are clear from context, the page number is sufficient for the citationy. Also, in MLA you do should not repeat any numbers higher than the tens place, so you should just cite pages 131 through 132 as (131-32).

While in normal writing in the United States commas and periods generally go inside quotation marks, even if they were not part of the original quotation, this rule changes when the sentence includes a parenthetical notation, in which case your punctuation goes after the citation. Note that in the quotation above, the period comes after the citation: and each shows only what lies in its focus” (131-32).

However, this is not true if the quotation ends with a question mark or exclamation point, because these punctuation marks change the sentence’s meaning:

“In an age of nuclear weapons,” Robert Wellesley asks, “can we accept the idea that war is an extension of diplomacy by other means, as Clausewitz tells us?” (81)

The question mark belongs inside the quotation mark because Wellesley is the one asking the question.

Block quotations:

Block-quoting means you skip down to the next line, indent a half-inch on the left, and place the citation after the final punctuation mark. If a prose quotation is longer than four lines — even one word longer — you must block-quote. Simply note where along the line your quotation begins, then count down four lines directly from that spot. If the quotation (not including the citation) ends to the left of your finger, leave it as an in-line quotation. If it ends to the right of your finger, you must block-quote.

You block-quote by indenting the quotation a half-inch on the left. You do not indent on the right. You still double-space. Do not add quotation marks, but if the passage you are quoting is already in quotation marks (if it is dialogue, for example), do not remove them, either.

Doyle rebuts the Wordsworthian assumption that rural life is healthier to body and soul than city life when Holmes lectures Watson on domestic violence:

	“The pressure of public opinion can do in the town what the law cannot accomplish. There is no lane so vile that the scream of a tortured child, or the thud of a drunkard’s blow, does not beget sympathy and indignation among the neighbours, and then the whole machinery of justice is ever so close that a word of complaint can set it going, and there is but a step between the crime and the dock. But look at these lonely houses, each in its own fields, filled for the most part with poor ignorant folk who know little of the law. Think of the deeds of hellish cruelty, the hidden wickedness which may go on, year in, year out, in such places, and none the wiser.” (“The Copper Beeches” 172)

Note that this quotation includes quotation marks because they are in the original: the lines are dialogue. Otherwise, you would not put quotation marks here.

The citation can appear in one of three places: either directly after the quotation (as above), or one double-spaced line down and either directly after where the quotation ended in the above line or on the right margin. Never allow your citation to extend onto more than one line; just put the whole citation on the right margin of the second line in that case.

If your quotation contains a paragraph break, always block-quote. For example, if you are quoting dialogue and the quotation involves more than one speaker, then block-quote:

“What part of the middle-west?” I inquired casually. “San Francisco.” “I see.” (Fitzgerald 66)

Important: Do not indent a new paragraph after a block quotation. The commentary on the quotation should be part of the same paragraphs as the quotation itself. Indenting a new paragraph means you are changing your topic, which you should not be doing after a block quotation (or an in-line quotation either, in most cases).

Quoting and citing verse, which includes poems of any length and parts of some plays, such as those by Shakespeare

In-text quotations:

When quoting poetry or verse drama, quotations up to three lines may be included within the body of the paragraph, but line-breaks must be indicated with forward slashes (/), with a space on either side of the slash (also called a virgule or solidus). If the author and title are clear from context (again, as they usually will be), cite a quotation from a poem simply by line numbers:

When the poem continues in the soul’s voice, thought has clearly withered along with sensation: “And yet devoted to the pure idea / One sits delaying in the vacant square” (8-9). Eliot thus attacks the idea that the soul, which seems indistinguishable in this poem from the mind, can be intellectually productive without the stimulus of physical sensation.

Note that Shakespeare uses both verse and prose in his plays. The prose sections are fully justified, while the verse sections have a ragged right margin. Makes sure to mark the line-breaks only if the passage is verse. Cite quotations from Shakespeare’s plays by act, scene, and line numbers:

The audience cannot be certain of Claudius’s guilt until he confesses it in his soliloquy: “O, my offence is rank, it smells to heaven / It has the primal eldest sure upon’t, / A brother’s murder” (3.3.36-38).

Either Arabic or Roman numerals are acceptable for the act and scene numbers, but if you use Roman numerals, use lowercase letters for the latter: (III.iii.36-38).

For verse quotations, you do not need to count words because the number of lines determines whether you must block-quote or not. Block-quote if you are quoting more than three lines. However, when block-quting verse, you must reproduce the original form — including line-breaks, capitalization, and indentation — as precisely as possible:

E. E. Cummings’s unusual verse structures, though playful, are essential to his poems’ meanings. The apparently disjointed arrangement of the following lines is typical:

Buffalo Bill’s defunct who used to ride a watersmooth-silver stallion and break onetwothreefourfive pigeonsjustlikethat Jesus (1-7)

Other issues when quoting

When one set of quotation marks contains another set of quotation marks within it, the rule is to use single quotation marks inside the double quotation marks.

“‘Our city and the sky correspond so perfectly,’ they answered, ‘that any change in Andria involves some novelty among the stars’” (Calvino 151).

You can use an ellipsis (. . .) if you want to cut out part of a quotation that is irrelevant to your argument. Note: ellipses have spaces between the periods, and they contain only three periods, though if you insert one directly after a period, you should retain the period as well. Important: You do not need an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quotation, only when you cut something in between:

“The business of the poet is not to find new emotions, but to use ordinary ones . . . to express feelings which are not in actual emotions at all. . . . Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion but an escape from emotion” (Eliot 43).

If you wish to omit lines from a set-off poetry quotation, use a line of ellipses approximately equal to the surrounding lines to indicate the placement of the break, no matter how many lines you are actually omitting.

The ever-smitten Hermes empty left His golden throne, bent warm on amorous theft: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For somewhere in that sacred island dwelt A nymph, to whom all hoofed Satyrs knelt; At whose white feet the languid Tritons poured Pearls, while on land they wither’d and adored. (I.7-16)