Patricia Muench:

Annotated Bibliography for Discovery Project #2

Adams, Willi Paul. Declaration. 8 January 2002. 15 November 2008     <http://chnm.gmu.edu/declaration/adams2.html>

            Newspapers played an important role during colonial times within the United States. German-Americans made up a large part of the population, so it was vital for them to understand what they were reading. Newspapers were one of the only forms of communication at the time.  This specific document was a German-translated version of the Declaration of Independence on the front page of a newspaper.

            This document plays an essential role in my project because it really shows how important of a role Germans played in colonial times of the United States. German newspapers were one of the first sets of newspapers to break the news about the Declaration of Independence being signed on July 4th, 1776.  The document came from an education website, so it is a credible source. It also allows everyone to understand a little bit of what the German migration group went through.

Bade, Klaus J. "German Emigration to the United States and Continental Immigration to Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." JStor (Central European          History, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Dec., 1980), pp. 348-377 ): pp. 348-377

            This source was from the JSTOR database making it a credible source. One graph that the source provided was showing the patterns of German migration from 1830-1932. This helps for the discovery project because it provides statistics that are able to be used within the essay, but it also provides a visual of where the migration waves were that affected my specified German migratory group. The graph also shows where specific peaks were over the different migration waves.

            Besides the graph, another vital part of this specific source was how it described the hardships that Germans were facing, and why they came to America. One example of a hardship was the lack of jobs and work. Farming was a major part of German life, but within Germany, farming opportunities were starting to diminish. So, many of the Germans sold their farms in Germany, hoping to find better farming opportunities in the United States. Overall, this part helps with the discovery project because it provides some of the reasons for why Germans came to the United States.

Blazek, Lynn. Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild. 25 November 2004. 15 November 2008      <http://immigrantships.net/v7/1800v7/rugia18840515_01.html>

            This source was extremely helpful because it provided names of every immigrant on a ship that left from Germany in the late 19th century. This list also provided the family members' names, occupations, hometown name, and number of luggage for each person. With the information this source provided, it showed that there were a large percentage of German migration within the 19th century. One area of Germany that kept appearing within this list was Prussia, which shows that many of the German migrants came from Prussia.

            For the discovery project, this source provided both names of German migrants, and names of the specific areas in Germany the migrants came from. Another vital part that the source provided was the different occupations, which helped with understanding German lifestyle. This source also gave the names of the ports that the ships would leave from Germany. It was a credible source because it had a professional layout and all the copyright information was in fine detail. It is also from the National Archives and Records administration.

Census, U.S. Bureau of the. Latin American Studies. 21 November 2008    <http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/german-immigrants.htm>

            This source came from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. This source was a chart providing statistics of German migration from 1820-1988. It gave the number of German immigrants, the number of total immigrants, and the specific percentage the number of German immigrants that made up the total number of immigrants. According to this chart, Germans made up about a quarter of the total number of immigrants from 1840-1880.

            The statistics that were provided by this source gave an overall understanding about how Germans really affected statistics compared to the total number of migrants. It also showed where the specific migration waves were during the 19th and 20th century. Also, the peaks during the migration waves were specified by the statistics. Overall, this source gave a better understanding of the broader picture of immigration to the United States involving German migration.

"Ellis Island Photo Album." 2000. The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc. . 15            November 2008 <http://www.ellisisland.org/photoalbums/ellis_island_album107.asp>

            This photo was not of a specific German migrant. It is just a general photo of a group of immigrants aboard a ship coming into the Ellis Island Port. This photo was meant to portray some of the hardships immigrants dealt with while traveling to the United States. Traveling to the United States was not an easy trip for any immigrant, especially because many people came from overseas with a long trip across the ocean. The conditions immigrants traveled in were sometimes even deadly because of weather conditions.

            With the many people traveling on these ships coming into Ellis Island, people were packed, which made it easier for disease to spread. Most immigrants brought very little because they just brought the bare minimum of what they needed to survive in the United States. This is very important for the discovery project because it shows the harsh conditions Germans, and many other immigrants, had to go through. Overall, it is a credible source because it comes from the official Ellis Island website, which also carries many of the important documents dealing with migration to New York.

Historical Documents in United States History. 2007. 21 November 2008 <http://www.historicaldocuments.com/ImmigrationActof1924.htm>

                This document was about the Immigration Act of 1924. This source gave information that explained what exactly the Immigration Act of 1924 was all about. This act was important for all of immigration because it instated a permanent quota system for a while. This was something that the United States did in order to keep a better control of migration.

            This act was instated right before the years of The Great Depression. For many people, this made the amount of economic opportunities in the United States harder to get to. For the Germans, it was a different story because the Germans made up a large number of both refugees and immigrants by the time of World War II. For the discovery project, this shows how an immigration act had affected the German migration group. This source can be credible because it does provide contact information.

Immigration. 28 March 2002. 15 November 2008     <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/learn/features/immig/alt/resources2.html>

            This document covered almost every aspect about German migration. The information was organized in a timeline, starting from the time of the early 17th century. It provided many facts that were vital towards the discovery project, such as what was the first German town in the United States, or what was life like for Germans throughout America. Certain information that the source provided was how newspapers played a major role in German-American life.

            Not only did the source provide facts and information, but it also provided many pictures that portrayed many detailed aspects of German-American life. The origins of German migration to the United States were also talked about within this source. This is also a governmental website created through documents from the Library of Congress. Overall, German migration was very detailed within this source.

Jacobson, David. The Immigration Reader. Blackwell Publishers, n.d.

    This was a book by David Jacobson that was found on Google Scholar. This source provides details about each time period of migration to the United States. Two of those time periods that played a major role for this discovery project were the Open Door Era and the Era of Regulation. Within the details provided, the source mainly talked about life for the immigrants, and what exactly was life like within America for the immigrants.

            This source also mentioned prices charged for each passenger going onboard each immigrant ship. This would be essential to the discovery project because it shows a little bit of the economic aspect of immigration for the United States. The details about lifestyle would also cover information on what Germans, and other immigrants, were going through when they came to the United States. It also mentioned Castle Garden, which was another major port before Ellis Island was built.

Luebke, Frederick C. Germans in the New World. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illiniois,     1990.

    This was a book by Frederick C. Luebke that was found in the Fenwick Library of George Mason University. This book talked about German immigration to the United States and Brazil. Not only did the book provide facts, but it also included the graph that was also found in the previously seen Latin American Studies source. The source gave very helpful statistics about the different waves of German migration.

            When talking about the different waves of German migration, it also provided information about each decade, and what was of most importance for the Germans. This would be helpful for the discovery project because it provides information about German migration, not only to the United States, but also to Brazil. It also provided a graph that was used for a visual part of the discovery project.