Updated Jan 2003
TEXT: Campbell-Reece, 6th edition
Text figures in parentheses refer to 5th edition.
UNIT 1 Biology 303 Outline
Introduction - syllabus, exams, labs, etc
Biological Classification - Five Kingdom System
Classifying the Animal Kingdom
Categories used - Phylum to species Fig. 25.7
Species names - binomial nomenclature
The logic of classifications
Phylogenetic trees
Examples - Fig. 25.8 (25.7-9,11)
Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, and Polyphyletic
classifications Fig. 25.9
Kingdom Protista
"Protozoa" - Mobile unicellular eukaryotes; a polyphyletic
grouping formerly a phylum in the animal kingdom. Groups:
A. "Flagellates" - move using flagella; diverse; polyphyletic
Phytoflagellates - photosynthetic; polyphyletic
Euglena, Volvox, dinoflagellates
Zooflagellates (Phylum Zoomastigophora) - heterotrophic
Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, Choanoflagellates
B. "Sarcodines" - have pseudopodia, polyphyletic
Phyla: Rhizopoda, Actinopoda, Foraminifera
C. Phylum Apicomplexa - all parasitic; eg - Plasmodium,
agent of malaria
D. Phylum Ciliophora - Ciliates; eg - Paramecium
SURVEY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM (Chapters 32-34)
Overview of major animal groups - Fig. 32.4 (32.3)
Some problems faced by all animals
ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT - In brief (see also chapter 47 in part)
Early stages of embryology: Zygote to Gastrula
In eggs with little yolk Figs. 32.1, 47.9 (32.1, 47.9)
Tissue differentiation in the gastrula -
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm Table 47.1 (47.1)
Protostomes vs deuterostomes Fig. 32.7 (32.6)
spiral vs radial cleavage
determinate vs indeterminate cleavage
fate of blastopore
origin of mesoderm
schizocoelous vs enterocoelous coelom formation
In eggs with much yolk
frog eggs Figs 47.8, 47.10 (47.8, 47.10)
bird eggs Fig 47.12 (47.12)
Neural tube formation Fig 47.11 (47.11)
Patterns of development in vertebrates
Differentiation and cell lineages
Phylum Porifera - sponges
general features
sponge body plan as a water filtering system Fig. 33.3 (33.2)
low specialization of cell types
sponge reproduction
Phylum Cnidaria (=Coelenterata)
general features
body form
radial symmetry
sac-like body
diploblastic: epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea
gastrovascular cavity - feeding, digestion, food distribution
cells of the epidermis and gastrodermis
life cycles - polyp and medusa stages Fig. 33.4 (33.3)
taxonomic groups
Class Hydrozoa: eg - Hydra, Obelia
Figs. 33.6a, 33.7 (33.5a,33.6),
Physalia, hydrocorals
Class Scyphozoa - true jellyfish Fig. 33.6b (33.5b)
Class Cubozoa - box jellyfish
Class Anthozoa - sea anemones, corals Figs. 33.6c,d (33.5c,d)
Phylum Ctenophora Fig. 33.8 (33.7)
Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms
Major Features Fig. 33.10 (33.9)
bilateral symmetry
distinct organs and organ systems
triploblastic and acoelomate
incomplete digestive tract
Major Taxonomic Groups
Class Turbellaria - planarians and other free-living forms
Figs. 33.9, 10 (33.8, 9)
habitat
cilia, hydrostatic skeleton, and movement
feeding, excretion, nervous and reproductive systems
Class Trematoda - flukes Fig. 33.11 (33.10)
features: internal parasites with two or more hosts,
pair of suckers, cuticle, reduced gut,
large reproductive systems
life cycles
examples: Opisthorchis; Schistosoma (=Bilharzia)
Fig. 33.11 (33.10)
Class Cestoda - tapeworms Fig. 33.12 (33.11)
features: intestinal parasites, no digestive system,
most segmented, many have intermediate hosts
example: beef tapeworm
Phylum Rotifera - rotifers Fig. 33.13 (33.12)
Lophophorate Phyla - bryozoans, brachiopods Fig. 33.14 (33.15)
Phylum Nematoda - roundworms Fig. 33.25 (33.13)
Major Features: body form, pseudocoelom, muscles, cuticle,
complete digestive tract
Examples: vinegar eel, C. elegans, Ascaris, hookworm,
Trichinella Fig. 33.25b (33.13b), filarial worms, Guinea worm
Coelomate animals - all remaining animal groups have true coelom
Phylum Mollusca - mollusks
General body plan Fig. 33.16 (33.16)
Major taxonomic groups
Class Gastropoda
shell - conical spiral
torsion Fig. 33.18 (33.18)
examples
Class Bivalvia Figs. 33.20, 21 (33.20, 21)
Class Polyplacophora - Chitons Fig. 33.17 (33.17)
Class Cephalopoda Fig. 33.22 (33.22)
Phylum Annelida - segmented worms
General body plan Fig. 33.23 (33.23)
Taxonomic groups
Class Polychaeta Fig. 33.24b,c (33.24a,b)
anatomy, trochophore larva
variety of feeding styles
Class Oligochaeta - earthworms and aquatic relatives
Figs. 33.23, 33.24a (33.23)
Class Hirudinea - leeches Fig. 33.24d (33.24c)
anatomy
feeding
Phylogeny of annelids
Phylum Arthropoda - eg: spiders, insects, millipedes, crustaceans
Definition - chitinized exoskeleton + joined appendages
Other major features: segmentation, body regions, exoskeleton
and molting, instars, serial homology, internal organs
Taxonomic groups
Subphylum Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Fig. 33.27 (33.27)
Subphylum Chelicerata - chelicerates
Features: appendages, no antennae, body regions
Taxonomic groups Figs. 33.28-30 (33.28-30)
Horseshoe crabs: large, aquatic, compound eyes, gills
Arachnids: smaller, terrestrial, 4 pair legs, mostly
carnivores, feeding; examples: scorpions, spiders,
daddy long legs, mites, ticks
Subphylum Crustacea - crustaceans Figs. 33.26, 35 (33.25, 35)
features: 2 pair antennae, biramous appendages, chewing
mouthparts, mostly aquatic, compound eyes
examples: water fleas, brine shrimp, krill, isopods,
barnacles, decapods (shrimp, crayfish, crabs)
Subphylum Uniramia - Myriapods and insects
features: unbranched appendages, one pair antennae,
chewing mouthparts, mostly terrestrial
taxonomic groups
myriapods - features and groups (millipedes, centipedes)
Fig. 33.31 (33.31)
insects Figs. 33.32-34; Table 33.6 (33.32-34; Table 33.6)
features: 3 pair legs, 3 body regions, metamorphosis
insects and humans