Updated Jan 2000
UNIT 1                 Biology 303 Outline

Introduction - syllabus, exams, labs, etc

Biological Classification - Five Kingdom System 

Classifying the Animal Kingdom

   Categories used - Phylum to species
   Species names - binomial nomenclature
   The logic of classifications 
   Phylogenetic trees
      Examples - Text Figs: 25.7-9,11
      Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, and Polyphyletic
         classifications

Kingdom Protista

     "Protozoa" - Mobile unicellular eukaryotes; a polyphyletic
grouping formerly a phylum in the animal kingdom.  Groups:

A. "Flagellates" - move using flagella; diverse; polyphyletic

      Phytoflagellates - photosynthetic; polyphyletic
         Euglena, Volvox, dinoflagellates

      Zooflagellates (Phylum Zoomastigophora) - heterotrophic
         Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, Choanoflagellates

B. "Sarcodines" - have pseudopodia, polyphyletic
      Phyla: Rhizopoda, Actinopoda, Foraminifera

C. Phylum Apicomplexa - all parasitic; eg - Plasmodium,
      agent of malaria

D. Phylum Ciliophora - Ciliates; eg - Paramecium 

SURVEY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM (Chapters 32-34) 

Overview of major animal groups - Fig. 32.3
Some problems faced by all animals

ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT - In brief

Early stages of embryology: Zygote to Gastrula
      In eggs with little yolk   (Figs. 32.1, 47.9)
   Tissue differentiation in the gastrula - 
          ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm (Table 47.1)
   Protostomes vs deuterostomes   (fig 32.6)
      spiral vs radial cleavage
      determinate vs indeterminate cleavage
      fate of blastopore
      origin of mesoderm
      schizocoelous vs enterocoelous coelom formation
   In eggs with much yolk
      frog eggs (figs 47.8,  47.10)
      bird eggs (fig 47.12)

Neural tube formation (fig 47.11)
Patterns of development in vertebrates
Differentiation and cell lineages

Phylum Porifera - sponges
   general features
   sponge body plan as a water filtering system (fig 33.2)
   low specialization of cell types
   sponge reproduction  

Phylum Cnidaria (=Coelenterata)
   general features
   body form
      radial symmetry
      sac-like body
      diploblastic: epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea
      gastrovascular cavity - feeding, digestion, food distribution
      cells of the epidermis and gastrodermis
   life cycles - polyp and medusa stages (fig. 33.3)
   taxonomic groups
      Class Hydrozoa: eg - Hydra, Obelia (fig. 33.6),
         Physalia, hydrocorals
      Class Scyphozoa - true jellyfish (33.5b)
      Class Cubozoa - box jellyfish
      Class Anthozoa - sea anemones, corals  (33.5c,d)
Phylum Ctenophora (fig. 33.7)

Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms  
   Major Features  (Fig. 33.9)
      bilateral symmetry 
      distinct organs and organ systems  
      triploblastic and acoelomate  
      incomplete digestive tract
   Major Taxonomic Groups
      Class Turbellaria - planarians and other free-living forms 
                                                       (Figs. 33.8, 9)
         habitat
         cilia, hydrostatic skeleton, and movement
         feeding, excretion, nervous and reproductive systems
      Class Trematoda - flukes  (Fig. 33.10)
         features: internal parasites with two or more hosts,
            pair of suckers, cuticle, reduced gut,
            large reproductive systems
         life cycles
            examples: Opisthorchis;  Schistosoma (=Bilharzia)
               (Fig. 33.10)
      Class Cestoda - tapeworms (Fig. 33.11)
         features: intestinal parasites, no digestive system,
           most segmented, many have intermediate hosts
         example:  beef tapeworm
     Pseudocoelomate animals - several phyla, two examples:
Phylum Nematoda - roundworms  (Fig. 33.13)
   Major Features: body form, pseudocoelom, muscles, cuticle,
      complete digestive tract
   Examples: vinegar eel, C. elegans, Ascaris, hookworm,
      Trichinella (Fig. 33.13b), filarial worms, Guinea worm

Phylum Rotifera - rotifers (Fig. 33.12)

    Coelomate animals - all remaining animal groups have true coelom
Phylum Mollusca - mollusks
   General body plan (Fig. 33.16)
   Major taxonomic groups
      Class Gastropoda
         shell - conical spiral
         torsion (Fig. 33.18)
         examples
      Class Bivalvia (Fig. 33.21)
      Class Polyplacophora - Chitons (Fig. 33.17)
      Class Cephalopoda (Fig. 33.22)

Phylum Annelida - segmented worms
   General body plan (Fig. 33.23)
   Taxonomic groups
      Class Polychaeta (Fig. 33.24a,b)
         anatomy, trochophore larva
         variety of feeding styles
      Class Oligochaeta - earthworms and aquatic relatives (Fig. 33.23)
      Class Hirudinea - leeches  (Fig. 33.24c)
         anatomy
         feeding
   Phylogeny of annelids

Phylum Arthropoda - eg: spiders, insects, millipedes, crustaceans
   Definition - chitinized exoskeleton + joined appendages
   Other major features: segmentation, body regions, exoskeleton
        and molting, instars, serial homology, internal organs
   Taxonomic groups
      Subphylum Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) (Fig. 33.27)
      Subphylum Chelicerata - chelicerates
         Features: appendages, no antennae, body regions
         Taxonomic groups  (Figs. 33.28-30)
            Horseshoe crabs: large, aquatic, compound eyes, gills
            Arachnids: smaller, terrestrial, 4 pair legs, mostly
                    carnivores, feeding; examples: scorpions, spiders,
                    daddy long legs, mites, ticks
      Subphylum Crustacea - crustaceans (Fig. 33.35)
         features: 2 pair antennae, biramous appendages, chewing
            mouthparts, mostly aquatic, compound eyes
         examples: water fleas, brine shrimp, krill, isopods,
            barnacles, decapods (shrimp, crayfish, crabs)
      Subphylum Uniramia - Myriapods and insects
         features: unbranched appendages, one pair antennae, 
            chewing mouthparts, mostly terrestrial
         taxonomic groups
            myriapods - features and groups (millipedes, centipedes)
                                             (Fig. 33.31)
            insects (Figs. 33.32-34; Table 33.6)
               features: 3 pair legs, 3 body regions, metamorphosis
               insects and humans