Geology 102 - Outline for Lecture 2
MINERALS AND ROCKS
Mineral – definition
Main rock-forming minerals -
Rock cycle
Rock cycle with Plate tectonics
Igneous Rocks.
magma - molten rock, below the ground. Composed of -
lava - molten rock at the surface of the earth
volcanic – extrusive - aphanitic - fine
volcano – vent crater
flood basalts
pillow lavas
volvanoclastics – tuff - pumice
plutonic - intrusive - phanertic – coarse
plutons - dike – sill - batholith
felsic - granite / rhyolite - Continental Crust
mafic - gabbro / basalt - Oceanic Crust
intermediate - diorite / andesite - Subduction zones
Plate tectonics and igneous rocks
weathering - erosion - deposition - lithification
Weathering - breakdown of minerals
Erosion – movement - by
Deposition - in rivers, lakes, oceans - by -
Lithification - make into a rock – by -
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic / Detrital - Siliclastic
Chemical
Biochemical.
1 Siliclastic / detrital
less than 1/16 mm shale - mudstone
red – black – gray
2 mm - 1/16 mm sandstone
- arkose -
- greywacke
- quartz
greater than 2mm conglomerate - breccia
2 Chemical
evaporites
gypsum
rock salt
flint / chert
banded iron formation
limestone.
Oolites
Biochemical
peat - lignite - coal - anthracite
Sedimentary rocks are the major key to the past
5% of the total volume of the top 10 miles BUT 75% of the outcrop
temperature - pressure - time
Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated
slate – phyllite - schist - gneiss
marble
quartzite
RECORD IS NOT COMPLETE IN ANY ONE LOCATION
DIVERSITY OF LIFE
What is life?
• self replication
• self regulation
How can we define life?
Life is based on the cell.
Life diversity was dramatically different in the past.
FOSSILS
Fossil - the remains or tangible traces of an ancient organism preserved in sediment or rock.
Trace Fossils - a track, trail or burrow left in the geological record by a moving animal.
PRESERVATION POTENTIAL
improved by
1) hard parts
2) buried quickly
Preservation is best on the ocean floor
Preservation occurs occasionally on land by
1. streams and lakes
2. tar
3. quicksand
4. ice flows - avalanches?
5. lava flows and volcanic ash
6. rock slides
7. desiccation
Incompleteness of Fossil Record
Types of Preservation
1) UNALTERED
2) ALTERED
• PERMINERALIZATION
• RECRYSTALIZATION
• REPLACEMENT
MOLDS AND CASTS
TRACE FOSSILS
FOSSIL FUELS
KINGDOMS OF LIFE - 6 KINGDOMS
How do we classify life?
Three domains - 1) ARCHAEA 2) BACTERIA 3) EUKARYA
• Prokaryotes An organism whose cells contain no nucleus
or certain other internal structures
characteristic
of the cells of higher organisms.
1) and 2) are Prokaryotes
3) are EUKARYA
• Eukaryotes An organism whose cells are characterized by a nucleus
with chromosomes, mitochondria,
and other
complex internal structures.
SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
1) ARCHAEOBACTERIA - Prokaryote - unicellular - old bacteria. p. 59
• single celled
• extreme living conditions
2) EUBACTERIA - Prokaryote - unicellular - true bacteria. p. 59
• VERY IMPORTANT - cyanobacteria - photosynthesizing bacteria (Also incorrectly called Blue-green algae)
• over 3 billion years old
3) PROTISTA - Eukaryote - unicellular and multicellular - simple organisms. p. 60-62
• protozoans - animal -like. single cell. amoeba - ciliates - flagellates
• dinoflagellates - Plant -like. Single cell. algae
• diatoms - Plant -like. Single cell. algae
• nanoplankton - Plant -like. Single cell. algae
• foraminifera (Forams) - multicellular - calcite
• radiolarian - multicellular - silica (quartz)
4) FUNGI - Eukaryote - unicellular and multicellular - simple organisms - consumers. p. 62
decomposers
• mushrooms
• yeast
5) PLANTS - Eukaryote - multicellular - photosynthesize.p. 62-65
non-vascular - mosses
vascular - seedless. Ferns
SEEDS
Gymnosperms - conifers
Angiosperms - flowering plants
6) ANIMALS - Eukaryote - multicellular - consumers. p. 65
invertebrates
vertebrates.
TAXONOMY p. 53 - 55
Taxon (taxa) A formally named group of related organisms of any rank.
(KPCOFGS)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• Use italics for Genus and Species.
• Genus and Species form the name.
Phylogeny and the tree of life. Details on Kingdoms
******pages 53 - 58 and 65 - 74 will be studied later ****