PUBLICATIONS:
Articles:
Kilgore, D. L., Jr., D. F. Boggs, G. F. Birchard. 1979. Role of the rete mirable ophthalmicum in maintaining the body-to-brain temperature difference in pigeons. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 129: 119-122.
Birchard, G. F. and D. L. Kilgore, Jr. 1980. Conductance of water vapor in eggs of burrowing and nonburrowing birds: implications for embryonic gas exchange. Physiological Zoology. 53: 284-292.
Birchard, G. F. and D. L. Kilgore, Jr. 1981. Oxygen consumption by embryos of two species of swallows (Hirundinidae). Condor. 82: 402-405.
Kilgore, D. L., Jr., G. F. Birchard, and D. F. Boggs. 1981. Brain temperatures in running quail. Journal of Applied Physiology. 50: 1277-1281.
Kayar, S. R., G. K. Snyder, G. F. Birchard, and C. P. Black. 1981. Oxygen conductance of the shell and membranes of chicken eggs during development. Respiration Physiology. 46: 209-221.
Birchard, G. F., L. Drolet, and L. H. Mantel. 1982. The effect of reduced salinity on osmoregulation and oxygen consumption in the lady crab, Ovalipes ocellatus (Herbst). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 71A: 321-324.
Snyder, G. K. and G. F. Birchard. 1982. Water loss and survival in embryos of the domestic chicken. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 219: 115-117.
Snyder, G. K., C. P. Black, G. F. Birchard, and R. Lucich. 1982. Respiratory properties of blood from embryos of highland vs lowland geese. Journal of Applied Physiology. 53: 1432-1438.
Snyder, G. K., C. P. Black, G. F. Birchard, and R. Lucich. 1982. Development and metabolism during hypoxia in embryos of high altitude, Anser indicus, versus sea level Branta canadensis geese. Physiological Zoology. 55: 113-123.
Birchard, G. F., G. K. Snyder, C. P. Black, E. Schmitt, P. LyVere, and B. Kane. 1983. Humidity and the successful artificial incubation of avian eggs: hatching Cassowaries at the Denver Zoo. International Zoo Year Book. 22: 164-167.
Boggs, D. F. , G. F. Birchard, and D. L. Kilgore, Jr. 1983. Blood characteristics, tracheal volume and heart mass of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) and Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 74A: 693-696.
Boggs, D. F. and G. F. Birchard. 1983. Relationship between haemoglobin O2 affinity and the ventilatory response to hypoxia in the Rhea and Pheasant. Journal of Experimental Biology. 102: 347-352.
Bartlett, D., Jr. and G. F. Birchard. 1983. Effects of hypoxia on lung volume in the Garter snake. Respiration Physiology. 53: 63-70.
Nattie, E. E. and G. F. Birchard. 1983. Ventilation and CSF ions during hypocapnic HCl and HNO3 acidosis in conscious rabbits. Journal of Applied Physiology. 55: 1748-1757.
Boggs, D. F., D. L. Kilgore, Jr. and G. F. Birchard. 1984. Respiratory physiology of burrowing birds and mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 77A: 1-7.
Birchard, G. F., C. P. Black, G. W. Schuett, and V. Black. 1984. Fetal-maternal blood respiratory properties of the ovoviviparous snake the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus). Journal of Experimental Biology. 108: 247-255.
Birchard, G. F., C. P. Black, G. W. Schuett, and V. Black. 1984. Influence of pregnancy on oxygen consumption, heart rate and hematology in the Garter snake: implications for the "cost of reproduction" in live bearing reptiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 77A: 519-523.
Black, C. P., G. F. Birchard, G. W. Schuett, and V. D. Black. l984. Influence of incubation substrate water content on O2 uptake in embryos of the Burmese Python (Python molurus). Respiration and Metabolism of Embryonic Vertebrates. (R.S. Seymour ed.) Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Netherlands, pp 137-145.
Birchard, G. F., D. F. Boggs, and S. M. Tenney. l984. Effect of perinatal hypercapnia on the adult respiratory response to carbon dioxide. Respiration Physiology. 57: 34l-347.
Birchard, G. F., D. L. Kilgore, Jr., and D. F. Boggs. l984. Respiratory gas concentrations and temperatures within the burrows of three species of burrow-nesting birds. Wilson Bulletin. 96: 45l-456.
Birchard, G. F. and S. M. Tenney. l986. The hypoxic ventilatory response of rats with increased Hb-O2 affinity. Respiration Physiology. 66: 225-234.
Birchard, G. F. and C. P. Black. l986. Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on blood acid-base balance in the chicken embryo. Poultry Science. 65: 1811-1813.
Packard, G. C., M. J. Packard and G. F. Birchard. 1989. Sexual differentiation and hatching success of painted turtles incubating in different thermal and hydric environments. Herpetelogica. 45:385-392.
Phillips, L. J. and G. F. Birchard. 1989. A regional assessment of pesticide exposure using STORET data. Pesticides in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments, Proceedings of a National Research Conference. pp. 183-193. D. L. Weigman, ed. Virginia Water Resources Research Center.
Boggs, D. F. and G. F. Birchard. 1989. Cardio-respiratory responses of the woodchuck and porcupine to CO2 and hypoxia. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 159:641-648.
Birchard, G. F., M. J. Packard and G. C. Packard. 1990. Effect of temperature and hydric conditions on blood pH in embryonic snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 68: 190-193.
Phillips, L. J. and G. F. Birchard. 1990. An evaluation of the potential for toxics exposure in the Great Lakes region using STORET data. Chemosphere. 20: 587-598.
Birchard, G. F. and S. M. Tenney. 1991. Relationship between blood oxygen affinity and blood volume. Respiration Physiology. 83: 365-374.
Birchard, G. F. 1991. Water vapor and oxygen exchange in the egg cases of the Chinese mantis (Tenodera aridifolia sinensis). Physiological Zoology. 64:960-972.
Birchard, G. F. 1991. Water loss in Automeris io pupae: effect of hypobaria, CO2 and mass. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 99A:537-540.
Phillips, L.J. and G. F. Birchard 1991. Use of STORET data to evaluate variations inenvironmental contamination by census division. Chemosphere 22:835-848.
Phillips, L. J. and G. F. Birchard. 1991. Regional variations in human toxics exposure in the U.S.A.: An analysis based on the National Human Adipose Tissue Survey. Archives Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 21:159-168.
Ou, L.C., J. Chen, E. Fiore, J.C. Leiter, T. Brinck-Johnsen, G.F. Birchard, G. Clemens, and R.P. Smith. 1992. Ventilatory and hematopoietic responses to chronic hypoxia in two rat strains. J. Applied Physiology 72: 2354-2363.
Keihn, J.D., F. Heliotis and G.F. Birchard. 1993. Prediction of capillary fringe thickness in sandy, nonswelling wetland soils (extended summary). Proceedings 13th Annual Meeting. Society of Wetlands. University Mississippi Press.
Reiber, C.L. and G.F. Birchard 1993. Effect of temperature on metabolism and hemolymph pH in the crab Stoliczia abbotti. Journal of Thermal Biology 18:49-52.
Birchard, G.F. and C.L. Reiber. 1993. A comparison of vascular density in avian and reptilian eggs. Journal of Experimental Biology 178:245-249.
Demeter, B. and G.F. Birchard. 1994. Long term breeding program with the Giant Day Gecko (Phelsuma madagascariensis) at the National Zoological Park. pp 311-315. In: J.B. Murphy, K. Adler and J.T. Collins Eds. Captive Management and Conservation of Amphibians and Reptiles. SSAR, Ithaca (NY). Contributions to Herpetology , vol. 11.
Birchard, G.F., T. Walsh, R. Rosscoe, and C.L. Reiber. 1995. Oxygen uptake by Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) embryos: The energetics of prolonged development in a reptile. Physiological Zoology 68:622-633.
Kidwell, J.M., L.J. Phillips and G.F. Birchard. 1995. Comparative analyses of contaminant levels in bottom feeding and predatory fish using The National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program data. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54: 919-923.
Birchard, G. F. and C. L. Reiber. 1995. Effect of temperature on growth metabolism and CAM vascular density of the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina embryo. Physiological Zoology 68:799-811.
Birchard, G. F. and D. Marcellini. 1996. Incubation time in reptilian eggs. Journal of Zoology 240:621-635.
Birchard, G. F. and C. L. Reiber. 1996. Heart rate during development in the turtle embryo: effect of temperature. Journal of Comparative Physiology 166:461-466.
Birchard, G. F. and G. C. Packard. 1997. Cardiac activity in supercooled hatchlings of the painted turtle. (Chrysemys picta). Journal of Herpetology 31:166-169.
Birchard, G.F. 1997. Optimal Hematocrit: theory, regulation and implications. American Zoologist 37:65-72.
Packard, G.C., K. Miller, M.J. Packard and G.F. Birchard. 1999. A field study of environmentally induced variation in body size and condition in hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:278-289.
Packard, G.C., M.J. Packard, G.F. Birchard. 2000. Availability of water affects organ growth in prenatal and neonatal snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Journal of Comparative Physiology 170:69-74.
Birchard, G.F. 2000. An ontogenetic shift in the response of heart rates to temperature in the developing snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Journal of Thermal Biology 25:287-291.
Birchard, G. F. 2000. The effect of changing the gaseous diffusion coefficient on the water loss pattern of Cecropia pupae. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73:488-493.
Birchard, G.F. and A.U. Arendse. 2001. An allometric analysis of oxygen consumption rate and cardiovascular function in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 129:339-344.
Sleigh, M.J. and G. F. Birchard. 2001. Amount of prenatal visual stimulation alters incubation times and postnatal preferences in leopard geckos (Eublpharis macularius). Journal of Comparative Psychology 115:233-245.
Walsh, T., D. Chiszar, G.F. Birchard, K.M.T.A. Tirtodinigrat. 2002. Chapter 8 Captive management and growth. Pp.178-195. In: J.B. Murphy, C. Ciofi, C. De La Panouse and T. Walsh Eds. Biology and Conservation of Komodo Dragons. Smithsonian Institution Press.
Birchard, G.F. 2004. Chapter 5. Effects of incubation temperature. Pp. 103-123. In: D.C. Deeming Ed. Reptilian Incubation: Environment, Evolution and Behaviour. Nottingham University Press.
Miller, K., G.F. Birchard. 2005. Influence of body size on shell mass in the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata. Journal of Herpetology 39: 158-161.
Sleigh, M.J. and G.Birchard. 2006. Effects of prenatal visual stimulation growth and heart rate in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Developmental Psychobiology 48: 315-324.
Deeming, D.C., G.F. Birchard, R. Crafer and P.E. Eady. 2006. Egg mass and incubation period allometry in birds and reptiles: the effects of phylogeny. Journal of Zoology 270:209-218.
Birchard, G.F., N.J. Nelson and C.H. Daugherty. (2006) A circadian rhythm in metabolism in juvenile tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 33:185-188.
Deeming, D.C. and G.F. Birchard. (2007) Allometry of egg and hatchling mass in birds and reptiles: roles of developmental maturity, eggshell structure and phylogeny. Journal of Zoology 271:78-87.
Packard, G.C. and G. F. Birchard (2008) Traditional allometric analysis fails to provide a valid predictive model for mammalian metabolic rates. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 3581-3587.
Deeming, D.C. and G.F. Birchard (2008) Why were extinct gigantic birds so small? Avian Biology Research 1:189-196.
Packard, G.C., T.J. Boardman and G.F. Birchard (2009) Allometric equations for predicting body mass in dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology (in press).
Birchard, G.F. and D.C. Deeming (2009) Avian eggshell thickness: scaling and maximum body size in birds. Journal of Zoology (in press)
Notes:
Miller, K., G. F. Birchard, M. J. Packard and G. C. Packard. 1989. Trionyx spiniferous (Spring softshell turtle). Fecundity. Herpetological Review. 20: 56.
Miller, K., G. F. Birchard and G. C. Packard. 1989. Chelydra serpentina (common Snapping Turtle) Fecundity. Herpetological Review. 20: 69.
Abstracts:
Birchard, G. F., L. Drolet, and L. H. Mantel. 1977. The effect of reduced salinity on respiration and heart rate in the calico crab, Ovalipes ocellatus. Biological Bulletin. l53: 4l5-4l6.
Boggs, D. F., D. L. Kilgore, Jr., G. Birchard. 1977. Role of the rete mirable ophthalmicum in the heat tolerance of birds. American Zoologist. l7: 395.
Kilgore, D. L., Jr., G. F. Birchard and D. F. Boggs. 1978. Body to brain temperature difference in running quail. The Physiologist. 21: 64.
Birchard G. F. and D. L. Kilgore, Jr. 1978. A comparative study of egg shell permeability in a burrowing and open nesting bird. American Zoologist. l8: 637.
Snyder, G. K., C. P. Black, G. F. Birchard, and R. Lucich. 1980. Respiratory function in embryonic Bar-headed (Anser indicus) and Canada (Branta canadensis) geese. Federation Proceedings. 39: 97l.
Black, C. P., G. F. Birchard, and G. K. Snyder. 1980. Correlation between egg shell porosity and ambient humidity of nesting habitat in ratites. The Physiologist. 23: l592.
Kilgore, D. L. Jr. and G. F. Birchard. 1980. Respiratory function of blood in burrowing and non-burrowing birds. American Zoologist. 20: 766.
Snyder, G. K., C. P. Black, and G. F. Birchard. 198l. Physiologic adaptation to hypoxia in the avian embryo: metabolic, respiratory, and tissue. The Physiologist. 24: l35.
Black, C. P., G. F. Birchard, G. W. Schuett and V. D. Black. 198l. O2 transport in reptilian embryos. The Physiologist. 24: l35.
Boggs, D. F. and G. F. Birchard. 1982. Relationship between hypoxic ventilatory response and hemoglobin O2 affinity in birds. The Physiologist 25: 325.
Birchard, G. F., C. P. Black, G. W. Schuett, and V. D. Black. 1982. Metabolic and hematologic changes during pregnancy in the Garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. The Physiologist. 25: 325.
Birchard, G. F. and D. Bartlett, Jr. 1983. Effect of hypoxia on lung volume in the Garter snake. Proceedings of the Int. Union. Physiological Science. l5: 349.
Sardella, G. L., G. Birchard, L. C. Ou. 1984. Strain differences in cardiopulmonary and hematological responses to hypoxia in mice. The Physiologist. 27: 25l.
Birchard, G. F. 1984. Oxygen transport and the evolution of live bearing in reptiles and mammals. American Zoologist. 24: lllA.
Birchard G. F. and S. M. Tenney. 1985. The hypoxic ventilatory response of rats with increased Hb-O2 affinity. Federation Proceedings. 44: 833.
Birchard, G. F. 1985. Relationship between blood volume and Hb-O2 affinity. American Zoologist. 25: 47A.
Birchard, G. F. and S. M. Tenney. 1986. Response to isovolemic anemia in rats with increased Hb-O2 affinity. Proceedings of the International Union of Physiological Science. l6: 2l7.
Birchard, G. F. 1987. Water loss in Saturnid moth pupae: Effect of 0.5 atmosphere pressure. The Physiologist. 30: 161.
Reiber, C. L., P. L. deFur, and G. F. Birchard. Temperature sensitivity of oxygen uptake in the forest land crab Stolicza abbotti. Proceedings of the International Union of Biological Science, 1988. 325.
Nusbaumer D. and G. F. Birchard. 1988. Metabolic cost of development in a precocial murid rodent Acomys russatus. American Zoologist. 28: 24A.
Birchard, G. F. and J. E. Skog. 1988. Water loss and oxygen consumption of Chinese mantis egg cases. American Zoologist. 28: 17A.
Heliotis, F. D. and G. F. Birchard. Capillary fringe thickness in wetland soils of different physical properties: a laboratory investigation. Proceedings of the Society Wetlands Scientists, 1989.
Phillips, L. and G. F. Birchard. A regional assessment of pesticide exposure using STORET data. Proceedings of Pesticides in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments, 1989.
Birchard, G. F. 1989. Water loss pattern of cecropia pupae: effect of He-O2 and SF6-O2. American Zoologist. 29: 102A.
Birchard, G. F., C. M. Barnhart and J. M. Kidwell. 1990. Patterns of water loss in a dormant land snail. Virginia Journal of Science. 41: 50.
Birchard, G. F. 1990. Respiratory mass loss during diapause and development in Cecropia pupae. The Physiologist. 33: A45.
Birchard, G. F., K. Raff, S. Patane, 1991. Oxygen consumption and hemolymph pH in Manduca sexta pupae: Effect of diapause and temperature. American Zoologist 31:77A.
Birchard, G.F. and C.L. Reiber, 1992. Effect of temperature on growth, O2 consumption and CAM vascular density in snapping turtle embryos. American Zoologist 32: 47A.
Birchard, G.F. and C.L. Reiber, 1994. Heart rate during development in a reptile: effect of temperature. The Physiologist. 37:A75.
Birchard, G. F. And G. C. Packard, 1995. Organ growth in embryonic snapping turtles: effect of low water potential. American Zoologist 35: 74A.
Birchard, G. F. 1995. Optimal hematocrit: Does it exist? American Zoologist 35: 130A.
Birchard, G. F. 1996. Hematocrit, blood volume and plasma volume as a function of red blood cell mass. FASEB Journal 10: A54.
Birchard, G.F. 1996. Cardiac activity in supercooled hatchlings of the painted turtle. American Zoologist 36: 34A.
Birchard, G.F. and K. Miller, 1997. The influence of body size on shell mass in the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata. American Zoologist 37: 56A.
Birchard, G.F. and A. Arendse, 1997. Oxygen consumption and cardiovascular function in the cockroach: effect of size. American Zoologist: 37: 145A.
Packard, G.C., K. Miller and G.F. Birchard, 1998. Environmentally induced variation in hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). American Zoologist 38: 193A.
Birchard, G.F., C. Beck and J.T. Pearson, 1999. The relationship between egg mass and CAM vascular density in birds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 124A suppl: S109.
Birchard, G.F., 2003. Effects of incubation temperature on growth and oxygen consumption rate in bobwhite quail eggs. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42: 1196-1197.
Eninger, C. And G.F. Birchard. 2003. Growth rate of Oncopeltus fasciatus, the milkweed bug, raised at diverse temperatures. Virginia J. Sci. 54 (2): 60.
Streicher, J. and G.F. Birchard. 2006. The effect of size and temperature on oxygen consumption rate in the hissing cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa. Virginia J. Sci. 57:68-69.
Birchard, G.F. 2006. Blood volume in vertebrates: body mass and red blood cell mass as determining factors. The Physiologist 41: C1-48.
Not Reviewed:
Walsh, T., R. Rosscoe, and G.F. Birchard, 1993. Dragon tales: The history, husbandry, and breeding of Komodo monitors at the National Zoological Park. Vivarium 4:23-26.
Ackerman, R.A., Barker, D., Barker, T., Birchard, G., Boyer, D.M., Garner, M.., Hammack, S., Shwedick, B., Nathan, R., 2002. Egg Incubation Roundtable. J. Herpe. Med. Surg. 12:7-25.
Book Reviews:
Guide to Backpacking in the United States. E. Meves. Journal of the West. l7: l04. l978.
Of Wolves and Men. B. H. Lopez. Journal of the West. l9: l05. l980.
The Salmon: Their Fight for Survival. A. Netboy. Journal of the West. l9: l05. l980.
The Hot Blooded Insects. B. Heinrich. Am. Biol. Teacher. 56: 254. 1994.