Final Exam Biology 303 Fall 2006 Birchard NAME:_____________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Average blood pressure is lowest in which structure(s)? A) the aorta B) venae cavae C) arterioles D) capillaries E) arteries
2) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) A) open circulatory system. B) hemocoel. C) lymphatic system. D) two-chambered heart. E) four-chambered heart.
3) Where do synaptic vesicles discharge their contents by exocytosis? A) dendrite B) axon hillock C) nodes of Ranvier D) postsynaptic membrane E) presynaptic membrane
4) During an IPSP, the membrane of the postsynaptic cell becomes more permeable to A) K+. B) Na+. C) Ca2+.
D) GABA. E) serotonin.
5) Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs? A) Water is denser than air. B) Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume. C) Gills have less surface area than lungs. D) Only A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.
6) All of the following respiratory surfaces are associated with capillary beds except the A) gills of fishes. B) alveoli of lungs. C) tracheae of insects. D) skin of earthworms. E) skin of frogs
7) Air flows in only one direction through the lungs of which animals? A) frogs B) birds C) mammals D) crocodiles E) flying insects
8) The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate? A) nitric acid B) nitrogen
C) oxygen D) carbon dioxide E) carbon monoxide
9) Which one of these statements about lungs is false? A) Gas exchange takes place across moist membranes.
B) The gases move across the exchange membranes by diffusion. C) The total exchange surface area is relatively large. D) The lining of the alveoli is only one cell thick. E) The concentration of CO2 is higher in the air than in the alveolar capillaries.
10) Which of the following is false concerning the hemoglobin molecule? A) It contains amino acids. B) It contains iron. C) It is composed of four polypeptide chains. D) It can bind four O2 molecules. E) It is found in humans only.
11) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in A) the partial pressure of oxygen. B) a change in pH (hydrogen ion concentration). C) hemoglobin concentration. D) temperature.
12) Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function? A) Cerebrum-heart rate.
B) medulla oblongata-homeostatic control C) cerebellum-coordination of movement and balance D) corpus callosum-communication between the left and right cerebral cortices E) hypothalamus-regulation of temperature, hunger, and thirst
13) If a stimulus is to be perceived by the nervous system, which part of the sensory pathway must occur first?
A) integration B) transmission C) transduction D) reception E) amplification
14) Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell? A) actin B) troponin
C) tropomyosin D) myosin E) calcium-binding site
15) How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans? A) bicarbonate ions in the plasma B) CO2 attached to hemoglobin C) carbonic acid in the erythrocytes D) CO2 dissolved in the plasma E) bicarbonate attached to hemoglobin
16) Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with
A) hemoglobin. B) plasma proteins. C) carbon dioxide. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers
17) Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely A) terrestrial. B) marine. C) amphibious. D) found in freshwater streams. E) found in freshwater lakes
18) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans A) is a major contributor to heart attacks. B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. C) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance.
D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. E) would have an effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta
19) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues.
E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries
20) The digestion and utilization of which nutrient creates the greatest need for osmoregulation by the kidneys?
A) protein B) starch C) fat D) oil E) cellulose
21) In addition to their role in gas exchange, fish gills are also directly involved in A) digestion. B) osmoregulation.
C) thermoregulation. D) the excretion of uric acid. E) the release of atrial natriuretic proteins.
22) Which organism(s) has excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules? A) earthworms B) flatworms C) insects
D) jellyfish E) both A and B
23) Which of the following excretory systems is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure?
A) flame-bulb system of flatworms B) protonephridia of rotifers C) metanephridia of earthworms D) Malpighian tubules of insects E) kidneys of vertebrates
24) What is the functional unit of the kidney? A) cortex B) vasa recta C) nephron D) bladder E) glomerulus
25) Which structure is the first section of the nephron tubule into which the filtrate enters? A) loop of Henle B) collecting duct C) ureter D) proximal tubule E) glomerulus
26) The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as A) filtration. B) dialysis.
C) secretion. D) reabsorption E) none of these
27) A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n)
A) secretory cell. B) plasma cell. C) endocrine cell. D) target cell. E) regulatory cell
28) Frequently, very few molecules of a hormone are required to affect changes in a target cell. This is because
A) hormones are lipid-soluble and readily penetrate the membranes of the target cell. B) hormones are large molecules that remain in circulation for months and can repeatedly stimulate the same cell. C) the mechanism of hormonal action involves an enzyme cascade that amplifies the response to a hormone. D) the mechanism of hormonal action involves the rapid replication of the hormone within the target cell. E) the mechanism of hormonal action involves memory cells that have had prior contact with the hormone.
29) The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of A) releasing hormones. B) second messengers.
C) third messengers. D) antibodies. E) pyrogens
30) Which of the following is an endocrine gland? A) parathyroid gland B) salivary gland C) sweat gland
D) sebaceous gland E) gallbladder
31) What happens when beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood? A) Blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon release. B) Body cells take up more glucose. C) The liver breaks down glycogen to glucose. D) Alpha cells are stimulated to release glucose into the blood. E) Both B and D are correct
32) Which of the following is true of urea? It is A) insoluble in water. B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia.
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates
33) Which of the following is not a function of the liver? A) storage of glycogen B) secretion of bicarbonate
C) production of plasma proteins D) removal of glucose from the blood E) detoxification of chemical poisons in the blood
34) Which of the following hormones is (are) secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and promote(s) the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates? A) glucagon B) glucocorticoids C) epinephrine
D) thyroxine E) ACTH
35) Which of the following hormone sequences is correct? A) LH → FSH → adrenal glands B) GnRH → FSH → ovaries
C) CRH → ACTH → FSH → thyroid gland D) CRH → LH → testes E) GnRH → FSH → LH → pineal gland
36) Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in A) the nucleus. B) the extracellular fluid. C) the cytoplasm.
D) the cytosol. E) association with a cell's plasma membrane
37) ________ are the main male hormones. A) Androgens B) Estrogens C) Mineralocorticoids D) Luteinizing hormones E) Progesterones
38) The main target organs for tropic hormones are A) muscles. B) blood vessels. C) endocrine glands. D) kidneys. E) nerves.
39) Asexual reproduction in animals might involve A) fission and budding. B) fragmentation and mitosis.
C) regeneration. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C
40) In men, the excretory and reproductive systems share which structure? A) vas deferens B) urinary bladder
C) seminal vesicle D) urethra E) ureter
41) Where are human sperm cells produced? A) prostate gland B) vas deferens C) the seminiferous tubules of the testes D) epididymis E) Sertoli cells
42) Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary nephrons? A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct C) Bowman's capsule D) proximal convoluted tubule E) glomerulus
43) Depending on salt intake and water availability, humans can produce urine that is A) hyperosmotic to body fluids.
B) hypoosmotic to body fluids. C) isoosmotic to body fluids. D) A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are true.
44) What is the narrow opening of the human uterus called? A) vagina B) cervix C) oviduct D) fallopian tube
E) vas deferens
45) In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ, in that A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity. B) oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. C) oogenesis produces one functional ovum, whereas spermatogenesis produces four functional spermatozoa. D) spermatogenesis begins before birth. E) spermatogenesis is not complete until fertilization occurs.
46) There are five hormones regulating the human menstrual and ovarian cycles. Which of these structures secrete(s) these hormones? A) hypothalamus B) pancreas C) ovaries D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
47) Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the A) ovary. B) uterus. C) vagina. D) oviduct. E) labia minora.
48) Which of the following is associated with the evolution of a central nervous system? A) a complete gut
B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system E) excitable membranes
49) The general functions of the nervous system include which of the following?
I. integration II. motor output III. sensory input
A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) I, II, and III
50) The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps A) Na+ and K+ into the cell. B) Na+ and K+ out of the cell. C) Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell. D) Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. E) Na+ and K+ into the cell and H+ out of the cell through an antiport.
51) Which of the following is a correct statement about a resting neuron? A) It releases lots of acetylcholine. B) The membrane is very leaky to sodium. C) The membrane is equally permeable to sodium and potassium. D) The membrane potential is more negative than the threshold potential. E) The concentration of sodium is greater inside the cell than outside
52) In the sequence of permeability changes that depolarizes and then repolarizes the membrane of a neuron during an action potential, which of the following changes occurs first? A) Sodium gates open. B) The sodium-potassium pump shuts down. C) The sodium-potassium pump is activated. D) Potassium gates close. E) Potassium gates open.
53) Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of impulses A) across electrical synapses. B) along the postsynaptic membrane from dendrite to axon hillock. C) in two directions at the same time. D) from one neuron to another. E) along myelinated nerve fibers
54) Which statement could be applied to both the nervous system and the endocrine system? A) They both use chemical signaling. B) The final response depends on the receptor mode of action. C) Specific parts of both systems use chemical messengers produced by axons. D) Only A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.
55) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic actions, or opposing actions are A) motor and sensory.
B) sympathetic and parasympathetic. C) presynaptic and postsynaptic. D) forebrain and hindbrain. E) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
56) What controls the heart rate? A) neocortex B) medulla C) thalamus D) pituitary E) cerebellum
57) What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron? A) astrocytes B) microglial cells C) Ranvier cells D) ependymal cells E) Schwann cells
58) A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, ________ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the ________ in the adjacent areas. A) potassium; opening of voltage-gated potassium channels B) sodium; opening of voltage-gated potassium channels C) sodium; opening of voltage-gated sodium channels D) sodium; closing of voltage-gated sodium channels
E) potassium; opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
59) Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminal of A) T tubules. B) motor neuron axons. C) sensory neuron axons. D) motor neuron dendrites. E) sensory neuron dendrites
60) Which of the following changes occurs when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts? A) The A bands shorten. B) The I bands shrink. C) The Z lines slide farther apart. D) The thin filaments contract. E) The thick filaments contract
Describe the following statements as either True (A) or False (B).
61)Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium
62) Water reabsorption from the proximal tubule is regulated by ADH
63) The fight or flight part of the autonomic nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system.
64) The first heart sound is due to the closing of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.
65) Surfactant is produced in the alveoli of the lung
66) The volume of gas which can not be expired from the lung is the residual volume
67) The atria contract before the ventricles because of the properties of the AV node
68) The follicle turns into the corpus luteum under the influence of LH
69) All cells which undergo action potentials have voltage sensitive channels.
100) Mark the answer to this question C to have your exam graded correctly