Exam 3 Biology 303 Fall 2006 Name:_____________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Why do sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals have the same fusiform body shape? A) Natural selection shapes similar adaptations when diverse organisms face the same environmental challenge. B) Respiration through gills is enhanced by having a fusiform shape. C) The laws of hydrodynamics constrain the shapes that are possible for aquatic animals that swim very fast. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C
2) An increase in which of the following parameters is most important in the evolution of specialized exchange surfaces such as the linings of the lungs or intestines? A) surface area B) body thickness C) number of cell layers D) metabolic rate of component cells E) volume of component cells
3) Collagenous fibers are primarily found in what type of animal tissue? A) connective B) striated muscle
C) nerve D) epithelial E) bone
4) What is the functional unit of nervous tissue? A) cell body B) neuron C) axon D) dendrite E) brain
5) What type of muscle tissue is associated with internal organs, other than the heart? A) skeletal B) cardiac C) striated D) intercalated E) smooth
6) Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)? A) An animal must be fasting for the measurement of SMR. B) BMRs are performed only on ectothermic animals. C) An organism must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR. D) BMRs must be determined at a specific temperature. E) The BMR for a particular animal is usually lower than that animal's SMR
7) What do fibroblasts secrete? A) fats B) chondroitin sulfate C) interstitial fluids D) calcium phosphate for bone E) proteins for connective fibers
8) The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed A) negative feedback. B) physiologic control. C) homeostasis. D) static equilibrium. E) organ system function.
9) Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct?
I.Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation.
II.Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III.The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful reproduction is possible.
A) I only B) II only C) I and III D) II and III E) I, II, and III
10) A digestive juice with a pH of 8 probably came from the A) small intestine. B) mouth. C) esophagus
D) pancreas E) stomach.
11) You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
A) biological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) paleontological E) morphological
12) Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a python. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. A) elephant; mouse B) elephant; human C) human; penguin
D) mouse; python E) penguin; mouse
13) enteropeptidase, an enzyme bound to the intestinal epithelium, has which of the following actions?
A) inhibits bile secretion. B.) Inhibits duodenal secretion. C.) activates pancreatic enzymes. D.) Inhibits peristalsis in the stomach. E.) increases the pH of time
14) What is generally true of two sibling species? A) They shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time. B) Genes are unable to pass from one sibling species' gene pool to the other's. C) They are unable to produce hybrid offspring upon interbreeding. D) Their reproductive isolation from each other is complete.
E) They are the result of anagenesis.
15) There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans, or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example? A) paleontological B) phylogenetic
C) ecological D) morphological E) allopatric
16) Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring do not complete development. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? A) the postzygotic barrier called reduced hybrid viability B) the postzygotic barrier called hybrid fertility C) the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility D) gametic isolation E) adaptation
17) As rat pups mature growth of their snouts and tails outpaces growth of the rest of their bodies, producing the appearance of sexually mature males. It is found that sexually mature female rats prefer to mate with mutant, sexually mature males that possess snouts and tails with juvenile proportions. Which of the following terms is (are) appropriately applied to this situation? A) sexual selection B) paedomorphosis C) allometric growth D) B and C only E) A, B, and C
18) Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers by their bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it? A) allopatric speciation, ecological isolation B) sympatric speciation, habitat differentiation
C) allopatric speciation, behavioral isolation D) sympatric speciation, sexual selection E) sympatric speciation, allopolyploidy
19) According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that A) the species is now extinct. B) speciation occurred instantaneously. C) speciation occurred in one generation. D) speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time. E) the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared with other species.
20) Which of the following examples would be most likely to result in macroevolution? A) a change in a regulatory gene, which has a major and adaptive impact on morphology B) a point mutation deep within an intron C) DNA-DNA hybridization D) gene flow E) genetic drift involving a trait that seems to exhibit neutral variation
21) The largest unit in which gene flow can readily occur is a A) population. B) species. C) genus.
D) hybrid. E) phylum.
22) The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of A) divergent evolution. B) convergent evolution. C) exaptation. D) adaptive radiation. E) sympatric speciation.
23) Which of the following pairs are homologous? A) bat wing and human hand B) owl wing and hornet wing C) porcupine quill and cactus spine D) bat forelimb and bird wing E) Australian mole and North American mole
24) Which of the following statements about the mammalian digestive system is true? A) all foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth. B.) After leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx. C.) the epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. D.) Enzyme production continues in the esophagus.
E.) The trachea leads to the esophagus and into the stomach.
25) When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? A) shared primitive characters B) analogous primitive characters C) shared derived characters D) the degree of evolutionary divergence E) overall phenotypic similarity
26) All of the following are nutritional monomers that can be absorbed into the blood except
A) nucleotides. B) sucrose. C) amino acids. D) glucose. E) fatty acids
27) Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping of species T, X, Y, and Z make up A) a valid taxon. B) a monophyletic clade. C) a paraphyletic clade.
D) a polyphyletic grouping. E) an ingroup for comparison with species U as the outgroup.
28) Human plasma proteins include which of the following?
I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin
A) I only B) II only C) I and III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III
29) Which is a correct statement concerning the insect circulatory system? A) The circulating fluid bathes tissues directly. B) Blood is always contained in a system of tubes called tracheae. C) Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to all the tissues. D) There is no heart, or pump. E) There is no blood, or circulating fluid.
30) Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart? A) amphibians B) birds C) fishes D) mammals E) reptiles
31) Which statement best links the group of tissues known as connective tissue? A connective tissue will have A) an extracellular matrix containing fibers. B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate.
C) an epithelial origin. D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. E) both A and B
32) Animals require certain basic amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as nonessential would best be described as ones that: A) can be made by the animal’s body from other substances. B.) Is not used by the animal in biosynthesis. C.) Must be ingested in the diet. D.) Is less important than an essential amino acid. E.) Is not found in many proteins.
33) Which choice offers the best time to measure basal metabolic rate? A) at rest prior to the first meal of the day B) at rest just after the first meal of the day C) immediately after having eaten a sugar-free meal D) one hour after having drinking a diet soda E) one hour after exercising for 30 minutes
34) Which common event most closely resembles negative feedback? A) The water shuts off when the float rises in the tank of a toilet. B) The chlorine level of a swimming pool decreases when the chlorinator is turned off. C) The flame size on a gas stove changes when the gas is turned off. D) There is a continual buildup of moisture in a basement with a dehumidifier running. E) There is a decrease in water pressure when the faucet is slowly turned off.
35) Most copies of harmful recessive alleles in a sexual species are carried by individuals that are A) haploid. B) polymorphic. C) homozygous for the allele. D) heterozygous for the allele. E) B and C
36) Which of the following is not a requirement for maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A) an increasing mutation rate B) random mating C) large population size D) no migration E) no natural selection
37) Gene flow is a concept best used to describe an exchange between A) species. B) males and females. C) populations. D) individuals. E) chromosomes.
38) The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured by A) the number of its offspring that survive to reproduce. B) the number of supergenes in the genotype. C) the number of mates it attracts. D) its physical strength. E) how long it lives.
39) A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. That the actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged is because A) natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case, but will do so given enough time. B) natural selection operates in ways that are beyond the capability of the human mind to comprehend. C) in many cases, phenotype is not merely determined by genotype, but by the environment as well. D) though we may not consider the fit between the current skeletal arrangements and their functions excellent, we should not doubt that natural selection ultimately produces the best design. E) natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species.
40) Natural selection changes allele frequencies in populations because some ________ survive and reproduce more successfully than others. A) alleles B) individual organisms C) gene pools D) gene loci
E) species
41) Symbiotic microbes that help nourish a ruminant live mainly in specialized region of the A) large intestine. B.) Liver. C.) Small intestine. D.) Pharynx . D.) Stomach.
42) In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most? A) abdominal artery. B.) Coronary arteries. C.) Pulmonary veins. D.) Hepatic portal vessel. E.) Hepatic, vein which drains the liver.
43) Which of the following statements about bile salts is (are) true? Bile salts- A) are enzymes. B.) are manufactured by the pancreas. C.) Emulsified fats in the duodenum. D.) Increase the efficiency of pepsin action. E.) are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.
Describe the following statements as either True (A) or False (B):
44) during clotting fibrinogen is converted to thrombin.
45) the skin serves a major role in the regulation of body temperature.
46) the lining of the intestine is best described as being composed primarily of connective tissue.
47) protein digestion begins in the mouth.
48) vitamin C is a fat soluble vitamin.
49) during swallowing the glottis moves down and is covered by the epiglottis.
50) there are five types of leukocytes found in the blood.
100) Mark the letter A to question 100 to have your exam graded correctly