Biology 304 Study Guide 1

Chapter 3:

Know the structure & function of cellular organelles; cell wall, nucleus, plastids & chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi, vacuoles, plasmodesmata, ER, cytoskeletal components.  Distinguish between pit membrane, pit pair, pit cavity, simple vs. bordered pit, plasmodesmata vs. primary pit field vs. desmotubule.

Chapter 23:

Where are apical meristems found in the plant body and what are their derivatives?

What are the 3 primary tissue systems and what cell types are associated with these systems?

Distinguish between simple and complex tissues.

What are the characteristics of the different cell types? How do their structures relate to their functions?

Distinguish between: vessel, vessel element, tracheid; perforation vs. sieve plate; sieve cell vs. sieve tube vs. sieve area; P-protein vs. callose; guard cells vs. subsidiary cells; companion cells vs. albuminous cells

Chapter 24:

Be able to recognize root tissue systems in longitudinal vs. transverse section.

Distinguish between the zones of cell division, elongation and maturation.

Be able to describe the structure and function of the root epidermis, cortex (including the exodermis & endodermis), protoxylem, metaxylem , phloem, pericycle.

How do eudicot and monocot roots differ in structure?

What is the structure & function of the Casparian Strip?

What is the role of pneumatophores (air roots) ?

Distinguish between tap roots vs. fibrous roots.

What advantage do root hairs provide the plant?

Chapter 25:

Define: leaf primordial, node, internode, axillary bud, phytomere, anticlinal vs. periclinal division.

Compare and contrast transverse sections of Tilia, Medicago, and Zea stems; describe how the arrangement and organization of the various tissues are different or similar.

Distinguish between leaf trace, leaf gap, branch trace, branch gap.

Compare and contrast the cross sections of a mesophyte, hydrophyte and a xerophyte leaf. How are the tissues arranged in these different leaf types? How does this relate to the environments in which these leaves grow?

What is leaf abscission? Why is it important?

Chapter 26:

What is a cambium? How does it do what it does?

Distinguish between fusiform initials vs. ray initials; vascular cambium vs. cork cambium.

Compare and contrast vascular and cork cambial activity in roots (Fig 24.15, 539) vs. shoots (Fig. 26.6, p583).

What are lenticels and what do they do?

Distinguish between phelloderm vs. phellem vs. phellogen.

What are dilated rays? Why do they form?

What is “bark”?

Distinguish between early vs. late wood; pit membrane vs. torus; storied vs. nonstoried wood; ring-porous vs. diffuse-porous; heartwood vs. sapwood.

How do knots arise in wood?

What are annual rings? Why can’t the annual production of secondary phloem be used to estimate the age of a tree?

How does one distinguish between transverse (cross), radial, and tangential sections of wood?