Biology 304

Study Guide 4

Chapters 16-19, 20, 22

Know the life cycles for the following representative organisms. Keep track of the key features in each life cycle that illustrate the identifying characteristics of the phylum that the life cycle represents.

Organism Phylum Page

Marchantia Hepatophyta 354-355

Moss Bryophyta 362-363

Lycopodium Lycophyta 382-383

Selaginella Lycopodiophyta 386-387

Polypodium Pteridophyta 396-397

Psilotum Pteridophyta 400-401

Equisetum Pteridophyta 404-405

Pinus Coniferophyta 418-419

Soybean Anthophyta (Angiosperms) 448-449

Before just trying to memorize these life cycles, group them as to whether they are non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, or angiosperms. Which are homosporous/exosporic vs. heterosporus /endosporic? Which have true stems, leaves and roots and which don’t? Which have microphylls and which have megaphylls? How does the ploidy change as you go through the life cycle (which structures are haploid and which are diploid)? Which life cycles have a dominant gametophyte/diminished sporophyte vs.dominant sporophyte /diminished gametophyte?

What is meant by “alternation of generations”?

Bryophytes exhibit a number of characteristics that distinguish them from their charophyte ancesters and that adapt them for existence on land? What are these characteristics?

Check out summary pp.367-368 (exclude Anthocerophyta ).

Why in the seedless vascular plants does the evolution of vascular tissues, the ability to synthesize lignin, and the ability to produces highly-branched sporophytes represent advances over the bryophytes? (p. 368-369).

What evidence would you use to support the claim that heterospory is evolutionary more advanced than homospory? Check out summary pp. 406-407.

What is a seed—what parts make up a seed? Why are seeds considered an important evolutionary advance?

How is the mechanism by which sperm reach the eggs in pines different from that in the ferns?

Which mechanism is considered superior? Why? How many cells in the immature male gametophyte? From what cell do the sperm cells arise? (p. 419)

Distinguish between the different phyla of gymnosperms. Check out summary pp.432-433.

What is a flower and what parts make up a flower?

What are the steps involved in making male gametophytes in angiosperms? How many cells are present in the immature and mature mature male gametophyte of most angiosperms (e.g., soybean)? What are these cells?

What are the steps involved in making female gametophytes in angiosperms? How many cells are in the mature female gametophyte (embryo sac) of most angiosperms (e.g., soybean)? How many nuclei in the mature female gametophyte?

What is double fertilization in angiosperms and what are the products of this phenomenon?

Why are the gnetophytes considered to by the immediate ancestors of the angiosperms?

What are the unique features of the angiosperms? P. 453

What are four trends in the evolution of flowers?

What are the different features of flowers that enable them to attract different pollinators, i.e., beetles, bees, birds, bats?

What features do wind pollinated flowers usually exhibit?

Why is the term coevolution used in conjunction with pollination in certain angiosperms?

Define: berry, capsule, drupe, nut, pome, samara, simple fruit, aggregate fruit, multiple fruit, achene, accessory fruit, dehiscent fruit vs. indehiscent fruit.

What are different methods of seed and fruit dispersal?

What is the presumed role of secondary metabolites in plants?

What are the stages in the development of a monocot embryo (p. 499)? A eudicot embryo (p. 500)?

What are the parts of common monocot and dicot seeds? (p. 503)

What is the difference between epigeous vs. hypogeous seed germination in mon0cots and eudicots? (p. 506-507)

Check out summaries on pp. 450-45, 473-474, 508-509.