pennyroyal Wikipedia abortion, aromatherapy pulegone - chemical toxic to liver links to MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-pennyroyal.html people who die of pennyroyal have minty fresh breath The essential oil of pennyroyal may act as an emmenagogue (menstrual flow stimulant) and induce abortion. However, it may do so at lethal or near-lethal doses, making this action unpredictable and dangerous. Future research to determine the safety and efficacy of the less toxic parts of the pennyroyal plant on the menstrual cycle is needed before a recommendation can be made. Pediatrics http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/5/944 two children dead as the result of drinking mint tea tainted with pennyroyal oil Google:pennyroyal chemical site:.edu (2,060 hits) Beth Isreal Deaconess Medical Center http://www.bidmc.harvard.edu/YourHealth/HolisticHealth/HerbsandSupplements.aspx?ChunkID=111712 Mentha pulegium (European pennyroyal) Hedeoma pulegioides (American pennyroyal) Pennroyal is a member of the mint family. Applied topically, pennyroyal has been used since the time of ancient Greece to repel fleas and other insects. Pennyroyal has been taken internally in Europe and North America for a variety of conditions, including colds and flus, coughs, kidney problems, headache, and upset stomach, as well as to induce abortion. Unfortunately, traditional herbalists do not appear to have noticed an essential fact about pennyroyal: it is toxic to the liver The essential oil of pennyroyal contains a substance called pulegone. In the body, pulegone is converted to the toxic chemical menthofuran. Reduced Chemical Management of Fleas http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG106 Says there's no proof pennyroyal works as a flea repellant and it may kill the pet Pennyroyal http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/pennyroyal.html Amer. and European names and areas grown essential oil produced by distilling leaves and flowering tops Google:pennyroral pulegone (4,970 hits) Google:pennyroyal pulegone AND "produced in" (299 hits) http://www.henriettesherbal.com/faqs/medi-2-16-pennyroyal.html interesting uses - bugs and the feeling of bugs crawling on you Google: "pennyroyal produces pulegone" Sloan-Kettering - Pennyroyal http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69328.cfm Google:pennyroyal aromatherapy Google:aromatherapy Wikipedia links to Aromatherapy Guide http://www.naha.org/ lists essential oil of pennyroyal - Tonic, insectifuge and emmenagogue. Google:pennyroyal endangered Google:Mentha pulegium endangered http://www.bsbi.org.uk/html/mentha_pulegium.html endangered in Britian Google:Hedeoma pulegioides endangered http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HEPU in trouble in rhode island Google Images:pennyroyal Valter Jacinto | Portugal - Poejo - Que cheirinho! // Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) Creative Commons license PubChem:pulgone http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=6988&loc=ec_rcs IUPAC: 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexan-1-one ++++++++++++ SciFinder Search:pulgone (2649 results) Search:pulgone pennyroyal structure (12 results) Metabolism of (R)-(+)-pulegone in F344 rats. Chen L J; Lebetkin E H; Burka L T Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. ferguso2@niehs.nih.gov Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals (2001), 29(12), 1567-77. Journal code: 9421550. ISSN:0090-9556. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11717176 AN 2001671287 MEDLINE (Copyright (C) 2008 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) ABSTRACT NO FULL TEXT (FOUND FULL TEXT THROUGH PUBMED) ACS "pulegone" 207 documents Biogenetic Studies in Mentha × piperita. 2. Stereoselectivity in the Bioconversion of Pulegone into Menthone and Isomenthone Fuchs, S.; Beck, T.; Sandvoss, M.; Mosandl, A. J. Agric. Food Chem.; (Article); 1999; 47(8); 3058-3062. DOI: 10.1021/jf9901338 + Metabolic activation of (R)-(+)-pulegone to a reactive enonal that covalently binds to mouse liver proteins Robert H. McClanahan, David Thomassen, John T. Slattery, Sidney D. Nelson Chem. Res. Toxicol.; 1989; 2(5); 349-355. DOI: 10.1021/tx00011a013 Search: pulegone synthesis (NO RESULTS) Elsevier (Science Direct) Search: pulegone (157 articles) Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Mentha pulegium L. essential oil Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 119, Issue 2, 26 September 2008, Pages 325-327 Mohaddese Mahboubi, Ghasem Haghi Search: pulegone AND "Mentha pulegium" (8 articles) Composition of the essential oil of Austrian Mentha pulegium Phytochemistry, Volume 10, Issue 8, August 1971, Pages 1951-1953 J. H. Zwaving, D. Smith NO FULL TEXT Search: pulegone AND "Hedeoma pulegioides" (NO RESULTS) Search: pulegone "melting point" (NO RESULTS) Search: pulegone "boiling point" (NO RESULTS) Search: pulegone pennyroyal synthesis (NO RESULTS) Search: pulegone synthesis (37 RESULTS) Search: "synthesis of pulegone" (NO RESULTS) Plant Science Search: pulegone AND "Hedeoma pulegioides" (0 results) Search: pulegone AND "Mentha pulegium" (4 results) Volatile composition and olfactory profile of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.)plants Di(acute)az-Maroto, MC; Castillo, N; Castro-Va(acute)zquez, L; Gonza(acute) lez-Vin(tilde)as, MA; Pe(acute)rez-Coello, MS Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 22 (2) pp. 114-118, 2007 quote:composition of volatile oil extracts of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.)plants was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ABSTRACT ONLY Full text of this journal available through Wiley InterScience Inhibitory effects of the essential oil of Mentha pulegium on the isolated rat myometrium Soares, PMG; Assreuy, AMS; Souza, EP; Lima, RF; Silva, TO; Fontenele, SR; Criddle, DN Planta Medica, 71 (3) pp. 214-218, 2005 Essential oil composition of Mentha pulegium L. growing wild in the north-western Himalayas India Agnihotri, VK; Agarwal, SG; Dhar, PL; Thappa, RK; Baleshwar; Kapahi, BK; Saxena, RK; Qazi, GN Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20 (6) pp. 607-610, 2005 (full text: InterScience) Contains an isolation procedure Comparison of pennyroyal oils obtained by supercritical CO inferior 2 extraction and hydrodistillation Reis-Vasco, EMC; Coelho, JAP; Palavra, AMF Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 14 (3) pp. 156-160, 1999 Search:pulegone (71 results) Search:pulegone AND isolation (1 result) not relevant, (+)-pulegone reductase in synthesis of menthol not pulegone itself Search: pulegone synthesis (no results) PubMed Search:pulgone (35 results) Search:pulgone isolation (24 results) pulgone reductase not pulegone itself Search:pulgone NOT menthol (10 results) Search: pulegone synthesis (no results) +++++++++ structure isolation characterization laboratory synthesis