STUDY GUIDE II
SPRING 2010
1. Names the different polypeptide chains of the Ig molecule.
2. What are the different domains of the Ig chains?
3. What are the different isotypes of Ig?
4. What are the Fab and Fc regions?
5. What is the result of the action of papain? Of pepsin?
6. What is the immunoglobulin domain?
7. What is a hapten? What is a carrier?
8. What are the HV regions?
9. What are the FR regions?
10. How do the HV and FR regions differ? What is their contribution
to the Ig structure?
11. What is a CDR? Why are they important?
12. What is an antigenic determinant?
13. How does a conformational epitope differ from a linear epitope?
14. What are the forces involved in Ab-Ag interactions?
15. What does TCR stand for? What are the two different forms?
16. What is the structure of the TCR?
17. What is a co-receptor? What are the co-receptors of T-cells? What
is their function?
18. How does the structure of CD4 and CD8 differ?
19. What class of MHC do the TCR co-receptors recognize?
20. How do MHC Class I and Class II molecules differ in: a) structure
b) antigen fragment it binds and c) expression on various cells?
21. What are anchor residues?
CHAPTER 4: The Generation of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors
1. What is the germline theory?
2. What is the somatic mutation theory?
3. What is somatic recombination?
4. How are the variable domains of the Lc and Hc generated?
5. What is a gene segment?
6. What is the recombination signal sequence?
7. What is the V(D)J recombinase?
8. What is the 12/23 rule?
9. What is the difference between the signal joint and the coding joint?
10. What are N- and P-nucleotides? Where are they found? What role
do they play in Ab diversity?
11. What is the difference between a promoter and an enhancer?
12. What are the different ways Ab diversity is generated?
13. What role does TdT and the RAG proteins have in Ab diversity?
14. What is somatic hypermutation?
15. What is affinity maturation?
16. How are the variable domains of the TCR generated?
17. How does the rearrangement of the TCR alpha chain affect the TCR
delta chain?
18. What are the different biological functions of the different isotypes?
19. How are the constant domains generated?
20. What is isotype switching?
21. What is the switch region?
22. How does isotype switching occur?
23. How does the regulation of IgM and IgD expression differ from other
types of isotype switching?
24. What is the difference between secreted and membrane-bound Ig?
How does this occur?
25. What is unique about the structure of secreted IgM and IgA?
26. What is the difference between affinity and avidity?
27. What is the difference between isotypic, allotypic and idiotypic
antibodies?
.
CHAPTER 5: Antigen Presentation to T-lymphocytes
1. What are the two compartments pathogens and their products are found?
2. How do Ag from each of these compartments differ with respect to:
a) processing b) which MHC Class molecule they bind c) which type
of T-cell they are presented to and d) what is the effect on the antigen
presenting cell?
3. What is the difference antigen processing and antigen presenting?
4. What are the TAP proteins? What is their function? What is their
role in antigen processing?
5. What is calnexin and what is it’s function?
6. What are the roles of calreticulin, tapasin and ERP57?
7. What are LMP-2 and LMP-7? What are their functions?
8. What is a proteasome? What is it’s function?
9. What is the immunoproteasome? How does it differ from a proteasome?
What is it's function?
10. What is the "MHC class I loading complex"?
11. What are immunoevasins?
12. What differences are there in the way in which MHC Class I and
Class II molecules bind their antigens?
13. What is the invariant chain? What are it’s functions? What is CLIP?
14. What is/are the role(s) of HLA-DM molecules? What is the function
of HLA-DO?
15. What is the difference between polygenism and polymorphism? How
do they affect MHC and antigen presentation?
16. What is an allele? What is meant by co-dominant expression?
17. What is meant by MHC restriction? Why is it important?
18. What is meant by MHC haplotype?
19. What is the difference between the peptide dominant and MHC-dominant
binding theories?
20. What is meant by allogeneic?
21. What is an alloreactive T-cell? What is their role in graft rejection?
22. What is a superantigen? How do they interact with the TCR
and MHC?
23. What is MHC Class Ib? What is MHC Class III?
24. What is the function of CD1?
CHAPTER 6: Signaling Through Immune System Receptors
1. What is meant by cell signaling? What is meant by signal transduction?
2. What is meant by the term ligand?
3. What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic ligands?
How do their signaling pathways differ?
4. How does signaling result in an amplification of the original signal?
5. What is meant by receptor clustering? How is this involved in signaling?
6. What is meant by receptor cross-linking?
7. What are the general outcomes of receptor-ligand binding in the
immune system?
8. What is a "first messenger"? What is a "second messenger"?
9. What is a protein interaction domain?
10. What is a protein kinase? What are the three classes?
11. What is a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)? And why are they important
in lymphoid cell signaling?
12. What is a protein phosphatase?
13. Why is phosphorylation and dephosphorylation so important in regulating
activity of proteins?
14. What is transphosphorylation? What is meant by intrinsic kinase
activity?
15. What is the difference between a scaffold protein and an
adaptor protein?
16. What is a a small G protein? What is a small GTPase? What is a
GEF? What is a GAP?
17. What is the src family? How are they activated? What are some of
the src family members that are involved in B- cell and T-cell signaling?
18. What is a lipid raft? What role do they play in cell signaling?
19. What is an oncogene? What is meant by a proto-oncogene? Why are
they important? How are they involved in cancer?
20. What is CD45? What is it's role in cell signaling in the immune
system?
21. Phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue can result in forminf a binding
site for other proteins.
22. How is this possible? What is the SH2 domain? What is it for? How
does it work?
23. What is an SH3 domain? What is it's role?
24. Describe the Class I cytokine receptors.
25. What is the common gamma chain? What is it's function?
26. What are the different components of the IL-2 receptor? How do
the different IL-2 receptors differ?
27. What are the JAK kinases and the STAT proteins? How do they
function?
28. What are the BCR associated molecules? What are their roles?
29. What does ITAM mean? Why is it important? What is it's role in
cell signaling?
30. What are Blk, Lyn and Fyn? What are their roles in B-cell signaling?
31. What is Syk? What molecule does it associate with? What is it's
function?
32. What is ZAP-70? What molecule does it associate with? What is it's
function?
33. What is PLC gamma (PLCg)? How is it activated? How does the activation
of PLCg lead to DNA transcription?
34. What is PIP2? What are IP3 and DAG? How are they generated?
What is their biological function?
35. How does the IP3 receptor work?
36. What is the function of a co-receptor?
37. What are the co-receptors of the BCR?
38. Why is an increase in intracellular Ca++ levels important in cell
signaling? How does this occur?
39. What is calcineurin? What is it's biological function?
40. What are transcription factors?
41. What is NFATc? What is NfkB? Why are they important?
42. What are the TCR associated molecules? What is their function?
43. What is the CD3 complex structure?
44. What are Lck and Fyn? What is their function(s)? What molecules
do they associate with?
45. What are Cyclosporin and FK506? How do they work?
46. What is the outcome of B-cell signaling?
47. What is the outcome of T-cell signaling?
48. What is the FceR? Where is it found? How is it activated?
49. What is adenylate cyclase?
50. What is exocytosis? How is this involved in degranulation?
51. What is meant by preformed mediators? Name two.
52. What is phosphatidylcholine? Why is it important?
53. What is PLA2? What is the result of it's activation?
54. Where do the leukotrienes and prostaglandins come from? What are
their functions?
55. What events lead from binding of allergen to degranulation of a
mast cell?
Page updated: March 22, 2010
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