Biology 307

Predator-Prey through Plant Herbivore

Unless instructed otherwise, choose the one best answer in multiple choice questions.

(7) 1.Match the specific organism with the trophic descriptions provided below.

Microparasite _____________

Macroparasite _____________

Parasitoid _____________

Small Herbivore  _____________

Large Herbivore  _____________

Solitary predator  _____________

Pack Predator ______________

A.  Bacteria B.  Hyena    C.  Mountain Lion (Cougar)

D. Gypsy Moth larva E.   Zebra

F.  Tapeworm G.  "Parasitic" Wasp

(3) 2. What is an example of a solitary predator which is usually smaller than the prey that it attacks?

(3) 3.  +/0 symbolizes ecological relationships know as:

a)  competitive b) symbiotic

 c) mutualistic d)  commensal       e)   none of the above

(3) 4.  Seed predation is an example of:

a) parasitism b) mutualism

c) predation d) parasitoids

(3) 5.  Fruit eating is most often an example of:

a) mutualism b) predation

c) commensalism d) carnivory

(3) 6.  An example of a social parasite is:

a) male lions b) a bird such as a cowbird or cuckoo

c) a "parasitic" wasp

d) a social fraternity

e) your cousin Victor

(3) 7.  The Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equations:

a) predict competitive exclusion

b) predict extinction of the prey

c) predict that predator-prey interactions are inherently oscillatory (= are neutrally stable).

d) predict extinction of both the predator and the prey.

(3) 8.  The data on hare and lynx populations, as originally presented by Charles Elton:

a) are based on extensive scientific sampling

b) confirm the accuracy of the Lotka-Volterra equations

c) show that hare eat lynx

d) are based on pelts brought into the Hudson's Bay company by trappers; therefore their accuracy is questionable.

(4) 9.  According to the work of C.S. Holling on functional responses of predators, which two of the following components of predation limit predation rate when prey are very rare?

a) handling time/energy

b) capturing time/energy

c) digestion time/energy

d) search time/energy

(3) 10. In the "alternate prey hypothesis:"

a) populations of cyclic prey such as voles and hare are limited by predation

b) predator populations are limited by the alternate prey species

c) cyclic populations such as hare are density independent

d) in years when the cyclic prey species are in a down cycle, alternate prey such as grouse are limited by predators such as red fox

(3) 11.In years when cyclic prey populations are down:

a) populations of predators such as lynx may be limited by other predator species

b) predator populations are unaffected

c) predators such as lynx begin forming coalitions in order to undertake group foraging

d) predators simply starve to death

(11) 12.Match the following techniques or evolutionary adaptations used by prey species to escape predation, with the specific example.

Predator satiation (escape in time) __________

Escape in Space __________

Physical toughness __________

Cryptic color pattern __________

Flash pattern __________

Aposematic pattern ___________

Alkaloid chemical defense ___________

Tannin chemical defense ___________

Glycoside chemical defense ___________

Terpene chemical defense  ___________

Mimicry ___________

A) Pine tree B)  Milkweed Plant C)  Oak tree

D)  Nicotine E) Opuntia stricta-Cactoblastis cactorum

F)  Armadillo G)  Stick insect

H)  White tail deer I)  Periodical cicadas

J)  Viceroy butterflies K) Striped Skunk

(3) 13.According to research on induced chemical defenses, the down cycle in snowshoe hare populations is actually caused by:

a) an increase in palatable, high quality food

b) the lynx population

c) harsh winters

d) an increase in phenolic resins and terpenes in foliar buds, resulting in a decline in palatable food

(3) 14.According to the theory by Feeny, new leaves of many plants contain chemical defenses similar to those of:

a) mature leaves b) apparent plants

c) unapparent plants d) tannins

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(3) 16.Which of the following is most likely to have the largest number of species:

a) a small island, far from the mainland

b) a large island, far from the mainland

c) a large island, close to the mainland

d) a small island, far from the mainland

17.     (33) Graphs which illustrate the following relationships are shown below. Match the graphs with the correct statements.

A)Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equations.

B) Dampened oscillations leading to a stable limit cycle

C) Dampened oscillations leading to a stable point

D) Mutual extinction of predator and prey, illustrating Gause's original Paramecium-Didinium experiment.

E) Prey populations fluctuate; no numerical response from predator

F) Type I functional response

G) Type III functional response

H) Potential complex relationship between grazing by herbivores and plant reproduction

(3) 28. Which of the following plants does not produce seeds with pseudoalkaloids?

A) Coffee B) Coca plants (producing cocaine)

C) Cacao plants (producing chocolate)

D) Cola plants E) Tea plants

(3) 29. As compared to mature leaves, young leaves are usually:

A) Tougher B) Higher in fiber and lignin content

C) Defended by glycosides rather than phenolic compounds

D) Lower in protein and water content.