Kozlowski Law Review
Columns 1982-Present
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Articles listed below have appeared in Parks & Recreation magazine,
the official publication of the National Recreation and Park Association.
https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/
2023
Concrete Bench Adjacent to
Pickleball Court
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Jul 2023 Vol. 57, Iss. 7
Park Permits for Sound
Amplification & Religious Events
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2023 Vol. 57, Iss. 6
History
Justifies “Gun Free” Public Park
Resources?
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2023 Vol. 57, Iss. 5
“Philly Jesus”
Handcuffed at Love Park Christmas Festival
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Apr 2023 Vol. 57, Iss. 4
“Black Lives Matter”
Murals Stir Constitutional Controversy
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Mar 2023 Vol. 57, Iss. 3
Bicycle Trail
Alternative to Historic Bridge Demolition
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Feb 2023 Vol. 57, Iss. 2
“Anti-Gay” Singer
Issued Park Trespass Warning
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Jan 2023 Vol. 57, Iss. 1
2022
Constitutionality of
Filmmaking Regulations in National Parks
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Dec 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 12
Environmental Review
of Chicago Park Obama Center
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Nov 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 11
Soccer Camp Game
Segregated Youth by Race/Ethnicity
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Oct 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 10
Retaliation after
Gender Discrimination Claim
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Sep 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 9
Recreational Use
Immunity for Dangerous Sledding Hill
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Aug 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 8
Youth Soccer Coach
Arrest Police Immunity
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, July 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 7
Park District Age
Discrimination Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, June 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 6
Forest Preserve Gun
Ban Second Amendment Challenge
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 5
Confederate Flag
Removed from City Christmas Parade
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Apr 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 4
Service Dog Beach
Ban ADA Claim
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Mar 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 3
Youth Baseball
Disability Discrimination Claim
James C. Kozlowski,
Parks & Recreation, Feb 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 2
Public Golf Course Volunteers Minimum Wage Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan 2022 Vol. 56, Iss. 1
2021
COVID Emergency Order Park Protest Arrests
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 12
Ordinance Prohibits Bare Female Breasts in Public
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 11
Park Land Sale Contract for Shopping Center
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 10
Terminated Parks Employee Retaliation Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 9
Standing to Challenge Obama Center in Chicago Park
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 8
Park Homeless Encampment Closure During COVID Pandemic
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 7
ADA Challenge to Segregation of Program Participant
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 6
Environmental Review of State Park Highway Widening
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 5
Due Process Notice for COVID Sweeps at Homeless Encampment
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 4
Day Camp Suspension for Disabled Participant's Threats
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 3
Homeless Encampment "Sweeps" in Parks During COVID
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 2
Covid Emergency Order Regulated Park Protest
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan 2021 Vol. 55, Iss. 1
2020
Premises Liability for Fall on Trump Operated Ice Rink
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 12
Citizen Activism Can Preserve LWCF Funded Park Resources
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 11
COVID-19 Emergency Orders Restricted "Individual Liberties"
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 10
Park Law Enforcement Civil Rights Claims
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 9
Informal "Comp Time" Process Prompts Sex Discrimination Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 8
NEPA Process for Deer Management at National Seashore
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 7
First Amendment Challenge to City Festival Ordinances
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 6
Reconsidering the Spectator Protection "Baseball Rule"
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 5
Fired Parks Employee Claims Retaliation In Violation of ADA
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 4
City Lifeguard Videotaped Women in Staff Changing Room
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 3
Employment Due Process Under Zero Tolerance Drug Policy
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 2
Policy Immunity Challenged in Hazardous Tree Deaths
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan 2020 Vol. 54, Iss. 1
2019
Gender & Age Discrimination Claim in Park Promotion
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 12
ADA Accommodation Claim by Terminated Recreation Employee
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 11
ADA Claim to Allow Emotional Support Hog in Parks
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 10
Longstanding Historic Cross Constitutional Challenge
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 9
Overtime Work Racial Discrimination Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 8
Camping Ordinance Criminalized Homeless Status
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 7
Gun Show in Park Rental Facility Not "Family Entertainment"
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 6
Certified Playground Safety Inspector Accident Review
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 5
Crude Racist Skit Tests First Amendment
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 4
Claustrophobic Workplace ADA Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 3
Shallow Water Diving Injury Contributory Negligence
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 2
City Restricted Park Food Sharing With Homeless
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan 2019 Vol. 53, Iss. 1
2018
Former Parks Director Claims Overtime Pay Under FLSA
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 12
""Courtesy Hours" for Off-Leash Dogs in Public Parks
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 11
Championship Time Standards Disqualify Disabled Athletes
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 10
Recreational Immunity - Contrasting Bicycle Opinions
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 9
Common Lake Organism Fatal to Park Visitor
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 8
Governmental Immunity for Park Security Policy
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 7
Park Purpose Challenge to Wireless Communications Facility
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 6
Standing to Challenge Removal of Confederate Park Monuments
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 5
City Farmer's Market Vendor Religious Freedom Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 4
Limited Duty Applicable to Overdose Cardiac Arrest
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 3
Public Park Dedication Evident in LWCF Grant
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 2
Rope Swing Landowner Liability and Immunity
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan 2018 Vol. 52, Iss. 1
2017
Adverse Possession Claims in Park Land
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 12
Park Permit for Location-Based "Pokmon Go" Games
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 11
Content-Based Park Permit Decisions Unconstitutional
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 10
State Playground Program Disqualified Religious Organizations
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 9
ADA Accessibility Rules for Alterations of Existing Facilities
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 8
Crash on Challenging Mountain Bike Trail
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 7
Criminal Background Checks for Youth Sport Coaches
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 6
Transportation Planning Must Mitigate Park Impacts
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 5
Park Permit for Commercial Wedding Photos
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 4
Gun Permitees Challenge Park Firearm Regulations
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 3
Head Shots Just Part of the Game
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 2
Inaugural Parade Regulations Constitutional Challenge
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan 2017 Vol. 51, Iss. 1
2016
Fateful Dive into "Closed" Park Pond Pool
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 12
Age Discrimination Claim by Beach Patrol Chief
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 11
"Hold Harmless" Incentive in Recreational Use Statute
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 10
Economic Development Ongoing Threat to LWCF Legacy
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 9
Rectal Syringe Unreasonable ADA Accommodation
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 8
Recreational Use Statutes in State Supreme Courts
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 7
Legal Relationship Shapes AED Use Requirement
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun. 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 6
Turf Field Cancer Risk Environmental Review
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 5
Governmental Immunity for Deadly Mountain Goat
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr. 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 4
Gun Rights Tested in Parks and Public Spaces
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar. 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 3
Physician Nixes Post-Injury Return to Football
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb. 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 2
Downtown Panhandling Ordinance Unconstitutional
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan. 2016 Vol. 50, Iss. 1
2015
Park Ban on Unattended Holiday Displays
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 12
Transgender Discrimination in Male Locker Room
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 11
Women Busted for Bare Breasts in Public, Not Men
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 10
Competitive Bidding ҆airnessӠin Concession Contract
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 9
Natural Condition Immunity for Campsite Tree Injury
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 8
Troubled Triathlete Expelled from Recreation Program
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 7
Public Trust Challenge to Private Park Museum
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 6
Lower Liability Standard for Coaches During Competition
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 5
No Liability Precedent in State Park Settlement
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 4
Park Playground Ban on Adults Unaccompanied by Children
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 3
Pretrial Summary Judgment Dismisses Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 2
Residency Policy Racial Discrimination Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 1
2014
Safety Feature Standard Practice in Sport?
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 12
Bible Believers Target Arab Festival
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 11
Concussion Training Lacking in Federal Civil Rights Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 10
Keep Your Eye on the Baseball Rule
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 9
Neutral Park Curfew Ordinance Constitutional
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 8
Leash Law Violator Tased and Confused
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 7
Federal Flood Control Immunity Slippery When Wet
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 6
Fingertips Removed by Playground Chain
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 5
Parks Administration Back Disability ADA Claims
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr. 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 4
Recreational Immunity for Topsoil Debris Dumped in Park
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar. 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 3
National Lakeshore Residents Resist Tree Removal
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb. 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 2
Website Invitation to ҄angerousӠPark
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan. 2014 Vol. 48, Iss. 1
2013
No Liability for Independent Contractor Negligence
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 12
Traditional Immunity for Local Parks
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 11
No Warning of Nuisance Bear Threat to Campers
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 10
Park Hours Prohibited Overnight Occupation
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sep. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 9
NEPA Review of Fracking Leases on Public Lands
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 8
Administration of Emergency Seizure Medication Discontinued
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 7
Pavilion Restaurant Questionable Ґark PurposeӼ/span>
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 6
Majority "Baseball Rule" Limits Spectator Liability
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 5
Blind Paintballers Disability Discrimination Claim
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 4
Park User Challenges Outdoor Public Smoking Ban
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 3
Park Arrest for Flamboyant Ballet Exercise
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 2
Assumption of Risk for Observable Ballfield Defects
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan. 2013 Vol. 48, Iss. 1
2012
Bible Distribution Regulated at Gay Pride Festival
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Dec. 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 12
State Park Mineral Exploration in LWCF Project
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Nov. 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 11
Obvious Tree Hazard on Park Sledding Hill
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Oct. 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 10
ADA Claimants Must be Qualified for Swim Programs
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Sept. 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 9
Did City Ballfield Permits Favor Religious Schools?
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Aug 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 8
Supervision Faulted in City Camping Trip Fatality
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jul 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 7
No Liability for Obvious Playground Fall Danger
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jun 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 6
Festival Policy Silences Annoying Preacher
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, May 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 5
Hidden Drowning Danger at Riverside Park Dam
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Apr. 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 4
Cliff Collapse Accidents Test Recreational Use Statutes
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Mar. 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 3
Park ҏccupationӠProtest Protected Speech or Camping?
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Feb 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 2
Private Property Mineral Rights Under State Parks
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation, Jan 2012 Vol. 47, Iss. 1
2011