| Country | Laws & Acts |
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| Australia | Crimes Act: Part VIA - Offences Relating To Computers and Copyrights Act |
| Brazil | Law No. 9,983 of July 2000 (alterations to Penal Code) |
| Chile | Law Relative to Information/Computer Crimes |
| China | Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection and Management Regulation |
| Czech Republic | Criminal Code |
| Denmark | Proposals pending |
| India | Information Technology Act (June 2000) |
| Japan | Unauthorized Computer Access Law (February 2000) and Computer Crime Act |
| Malaysia | The Computer Crime Act (April 1997) |
| Mauritius | Information Technology Act (1998) and Copyright Act (1997) |
| Philippines | Electronic Commerce Act |
| Poland | Amended Criminal Code (1997) and Personal Data Protection Act (1997) |
| Spain | Amended Criminal Code, 1997, and Personal Data Protection Act, 1997 |
| Turkey | Aiding & Abetting A Cyber Crime |
| United Kingdom | Computer Misuse Act (1990), Data Protection Acts ( 1994 & 1998), Telecommunications/Fraud Act (1997), and Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998)
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| United States | The Amend Title 18 of the United States Code and Homeland Security Act AKA Cyber Security Enhancement Act (2002) |
Information from: Cyber Security Laws
| Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection and Management Regulation: |
According to China's Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection and Management Regulation, Section 1 of Chapter 1 states that "in order to strengthen the security and the protection of computer information networks and of the Internet, and to preserve the social order and social stabilitiy, these regultaions have been established on the basis of the "PRC Computer Information Network Protection Regulations", the "PRC Temporary Regulations on Computer Information Networks and the Internet" and other laws and administrative regulations." Individuals are not permitted to use computer networks or network resources without receiving prior approval. Also, nobody is able to change network functions without prior permission. Section 21 describes the penalty of going against this law. It states that if there has been illegal income, the income should be confiscated. "In the case of more offenses, the network and equipment can be closed for up to six months. In serious cases Public Security may suggest that the business license of the organization be canceled and its network registration canceled." |
| The Information Technology Act: |
This act facilitates doing business or concluding any transaction in the electronic form since it provides a legal framework for such transactions. It "provides for legal recognition transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "Electronic Commerce" which involves the use of alternatives to paper-based methods of communication and storage of information." It also provides for electronic filing of documents with government agencies, and for delivery of government services by means of reliable electronic records. |
| Personal Data Protection Act: |
This act was created to protect the "fundamental rights and freedoms of persons with regard to processing of personal data in accordance with the right of persons to freely obtain information disseminated for public use." According to this act, "personal data are any information relating to an identified natural person or a natural person identifiable directly or indirectly by reference to the person's physical, mental, psychological, economic, cultural or social characteristics, relations and associations." A violation of this act is punishable to a fine of up to 300 fine units. |
| Cyber Security Enhancement Act: |
This act's main purpose is to improve the federal government's ability to protect national infrastructure and computer systems. This act is necessary because if the federal government's computer systems are protected, then it will be harder for terrorist countries to attack our nation through computers. "The Act directs the United States Sentencing Commission to amend Federal sentencing guidelines for crimes that are related to fraud or unauthorized access to federal government computers and restricted data. Hackers will face harsher penalties if they knowingly cause, or attempt to cause, death or serious bodily injury using the computer as an "instrumentality" for committing their crime. Although there is room for debate about how this provision will be implemented, it seems reasonably limited to distinguish garden-variety hackers from hacker-terrorists."
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Elina Kim
November 03, 2004
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International Laws and/or Acts of Computer Security