BIOL 402: APPLIED and INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY



ORGANISMS and



WATER TREATMENTS: WATER, WASTEWATER AND PROCESS WATER







1. Based on Gram Reaction



Gram Negative





Aerobic











Anaerobic











Gram Positive



Aerobic













Anaerobic









2. Based on Morphology



"Normal" shapes











Stalked, Prosthecate, Sheathed, and Budding - OVERHEAD











3. Based on Temperature/Nutrient/Water Requirements



Cyanobacteria OVERHEAD: Tables 19.6-8





























































4. Fungi



Basidomycetes, Ascomycetes, Zygomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti. Oomycetes



OVERHEAD - Brock





5. Protozoa - Chap. 19 MPG



The flagellates: Cryptosporidium and Girardia



OVERHEADS: Figs. 19.3 & 5







Environmental factors: heifer manure and flood plain where creeks can flood and contaminate the soil/grass



II. WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT



References: Chapters 19-22 in Maier, Pepper, & Gerba





Manz, W. M. Wagner, R. Amann, and K.-H. Schleifer. 1994. In Situ Characterization of the Microbial Consortia Active in Two Wastewater Treatment Plants. Wat. Res. 28: 1715-1723.



Paszko-Kolva, C. T. K. Sawyer, and G. Gardner. 1995. Laboratory Emergency Eyewash Station Contaminants. Environmental Laboratory News 3: 18-19.



Atlas, R. M.. J. F. Williams and M. K. Huntington. 1995. Legionella Contamination of Dental-Unit Waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1208 -1213.



Brenner, K. P., C. C. Rankin, M. Sivaganesan, and P. V. Scarpino. 1996. Comparison of the Recoveries of Escherichia coli and Total Coliforms from Drinking Water by the MI Agar Method and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Approved Membrane Filter Method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 203-208.



LeChevalier, M. W., W. D. Norton, J. E. Siegel, and M. Abbasadegan. Evaluation of the Immunofluorescence procedure for detection of Girardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:690-697.



Xiao, L., K. Alderisio, J. Limor, M. Royer, and A. A. Lal. 2000. Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small subunit rRNA-based diagnostic and genotyping tool. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 5492-5498.



Graczyk, T. K., B. M. Evans, C. J. Shiff, H. J. Karreman, and J. A. Patz. 2000. Environmental and geographical facators contributing to watershed contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Environ. Res. Sec. A 82: 263-271.



Jackson, R. w., K. Osborne, G. Barnes, C. Jolliff, D. Zamani, B. Roll, A. Stillings, D. Herzog, S. Cannon, and S. Loveland. 2000. Multiregional evaluation of the SimPlate heterotrophic plate count method compared to the standard plate count agar pour plate method in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 453-454.





A. WHY TREAT WATER/WASTEWATER?



OVERHEADS: typical composition -Table 21.1



groundwater, parasites and diseases mention problems with analysis for parasites - and viruses Table 21.2







B. STEPS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT



OVERHEADS: Figure 21.3



21.5 -7 (note error in fig & print A= anaerobic, not aerobic)



C. BASIS FOR PROCESSES



1. Important Concepts & Equations



BOD











SVI (Sludge Volume Index)











































OVERHEADS: examples of biological processes



anaerobic processes





D. TREATMENT SYSTEMS



OVERHEADS: TYPES OF REACTORS - BLOCK DIAGRAMS



ACTUAL PROCESS DIAGRAMS



aerobic, 2 treatment

activated sludge

Imhoff tank

sand filter

septic systems



OVERHEADS: efficiency of different treatments





OVERHEAD: Sludge Treatment - Figure 21.9



Criteria For Sludge Classes - Tables 21.9 & 10



WHAT TO DO WITH THE EFFLUENT?



OVERHEAD: Land Application - Fig. 21.18





E. STEPS WITH DRINKING WATER



OVERHEAD: Figure 22.2









An alternative method for disaster and/or developing country rural areas:



REF. Safapour, N. and R. H. Metcalf. 1999. Enhancement of solar water pasteurization with reflectors. App. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 859-861.



Efficiency of the system



OVERHEADS: Tables 22.1-4



Biofilm Problems - Table 22.5





F. NEWEST SYSTEM



OVERHEAD: REVERSE OSMOSIS







G. TESTING



OVERHEADS: survival curves



chlorine curve





COLIFORMS Chap. 20



WHAT ARE THEY, WHERE DO THEY EXIST: E. coli and the enterococci



CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD INDICATOR ORGANISM





FECAL STREP



RATIOS



OVERHEADS: MPN



MF - OVERHEAD



Defined substrate test: ONPG and MUG





What is meant by presence/absence test

SimPlate for TCFU



other new methods



Cryptosporidium PCR - examined 29 water samples: 27 pos with 12 genotypes

III. PROCESS WATERS



References



Zacheus, O. M. and P. J. Martikainen. 1995. Occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi in cold and hot water distribution systems using water of different quality. Can. J. Microbiol.41:1088-1094



Fliermans, C. B. 1996. Ecology of Legionella: From Data to Knowledge with a Little Wisdom. Microbial Ecol. 32: 203-228.







A. Types



Contact and Noncontact



Ultrapure Water



Agricultural/Food Waste Waters





B. Noncontact Waters





1. once through; generally used for cooling - cite types





OVERHEADS - Heat Exchanger and Zacheus paper





2. problems: biocorrosion



cooling towers



3. What is a cooling tower?



general structure - ORNL OVERHEADS & Fig 19.1



4. Microbial population



5. Legionella pneumophila

What it is; where is it found



OVERHEADS OF ORNL STUDY & Fig. 19.1 & ASM News



How to detect in people: what tissues to use; what techniques - fa, gene probes, cultivation



how detect in the environment - OVERHEAD - PE Comparisons





C. Ultrapure Water



1. Detection Problems: LPS/LAL



2. Uses: Pharmaceutical, Aerospace, Computer, Instrumentation





D. Agricultural/Food Industry Wastes



References:



Colleran, E. 1992. Anaerobic Digestion of Agricultural and Food-Processing Effluents. In, Microbial Control of Pollution, J. C. Fry, G. M. Gadd, R. A. Herbert, C. W. Jones, and I. A. Watson-Craik, eds. pp.199-227. Symposium 48 Society for General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press. 0N RESERVE



Sewell, J. I. 1978. Dairy Lagoon Effects on Groundwater Quality. Transactions Am. Soc. Agri. Eng. 1978:948-952. ON RESERVE



1. Agricultural/Farm Wastes/Aquaculture Wastes



nature of the problem: OVERHEADS: Tables 19.2 & 20.3



OVERHEADS OF SEWELL'S PAPER



Conclusions





2. Controlled Bioreactor Systems



nature of the problem - OVERHEAD OF COMPOSITION FARM WASTES



OVERHEAD - COMPLEX NATURE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION



types of anaerobic reactors -OVERHEADS



OVERHEAD - PROCESS FLOW

















References:



Edberg, S. C. 1996. Assessing health rick in drinking water from naturally occurring microbes. J. Environ. Health 58: 18-24.



UD. Technical assessment of the microbiological health effects of bottled water. Private report.



Jones, C. R., A. H. L. Chamberlain, and M. R. Adams. 1999. An investigation of the presence of ultramicrocells in natural mineral water. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28: 275-279



Mary, P., C/ Defives, & J. P. Hornez. 2000. Occurrence and multiple antibiotic resistance profiles of nonfermentative gram negative microflora in five brands of noncarbonated French bottled spring water. Micro. Ecol. 39: 322-329.



Warburton, SD. W., B. Bowen, and A. Konkle. 1994. Survival and recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its effect upon salmonellae in water: methodology to test bottled water in Canada. Can. J. Microbiol. 40: 987-992.





1. Presence of nanocells



OVERHEAD: Filtration effects



2. Numbers in French bottled water



OVERHEAD: Fig. 1 Mary et al.



3. Canadian standards state 0 P. aeruginoas in 100 mL bottled water - OVERHEAD





Dental units, water coolers etc. - biofilms and problems of disinfection.