Technological Determinism
Many historians of science and technology work to refute the theory of technological determinism. The theory essentially views technology as the driving force of history. Merritt Roe Smith and Leo Marx described:
“An invention, once introduced into society, is thus depicted as taking on a life of its own. For example, the continuing improvement of the computer has followed a kind of internal logic (a logic embedded in its constituent material components and its design), so that each "generation" of enhanced computational sophistication has led, in a seemingly predetermined sequence, to the next. As the use of the computer spreads, more and more institutions have to reconfigure their operations to comport with the new capacities and constraints it creates. In the process, society as a whole becomes increasingly dependent on large, intricately interrelated technical systems, or a megasystem—becomes the indispensable technological armature of the economy. Its continued functioning is a precondition for the reproduction of the entire social order.” 1
Hard Determinism
Hard determinists give technology "agency" by creating inescapable demand and the power to control society. The concept of technological agency appears similar to the horrific Matrix scenario where computers personified by Mr. Smith rule the world.
“Kranzberg's first law reads as follows: Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral.”2
Soft Determinism
Soft determinists explore the connection between technology with politics, economics, society, and culture. These historians create an acceptable compromise by studying the roots of technology as factors, such as geography or market forces.
A few of these book reviews may provide further exploration into the topic.